Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences
Purpose Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as d H R / d W R t o t (cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and d V ˙ O 2 / d W R t o t (O 2 delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate ( W R t o t ). To...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of applied physiology 2021-10, Vol.121 (10), p.2731-2741 |
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| creator | Lai, Nicola Fiutem, Justin J. Pfaff, Nora Salvadego, Desy Strainic, James |
| description | Purpose
Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as
d
H
R
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(O
2
delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate (
W
R
t
o
t
). To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method in quantifying
W
R
t
o
t
to determine CPET slopes.
Methods
CPET’s were performed by healthy patients, (
n
= 674, 9–18 year) 300 female (F) and 374 male (M), using an incremental ramp protocol on a treadmill. For this protocol, a quantitative relationship based on biomechanical principles of human locomotion, was used to quantify the
W
R
t
o
t
of the subject. CPET slopes were determined by linear regression of the data recorded until the gas exchange threshold occurred.
Results
The method to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
was substantiated by verifying that:
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
for treadmill exercise corresponded to an efficiency of muscular work similar to that of cycle ergometer;
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(mL min
−1
W
−1
) was invariant with age and greater in M than F older than 12 years old (13–14 years: 9.6 ± 1.5(F) vs. 10.5 ± 1.8(M); 15–16 years: 9.7 ± 1.7(F) vs. 10.6 ± 2.2(M); 17–18 years: 9.6 ± 1.7(F) vs. 11.0 ± 2.3(M),
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00421-021-04741-1 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8416851</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2543453742</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-d3401a398b3fa0c356cec46517fb8c73fa5885241ddbfa0b633a58961fff3fd53</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU9vFiEQxonR2Fr9Ah4MiRcvq7Cwu7weTJrGqkkTE6NnwsLwlsrCCrvafg8_cCFbX_8cPEyYzPzmYSYPQk8peUkJGV5lQnhLG1KDD5w29B46ppztmp61w_1DTndH6FHOV4QQ0VLxEB0xXlqMdMfo5yfwanFhj7VKxsUEeXZJLTHd4JrHkCHjJeIfMX3FpQHYrKnyLugEE4RF-VKfZgzXkLTLgGPASwJlJud9wbC-dN4kCFgFg5WJHrIuc_k1znC9FfdF1lkLhdKQH6MHVvkMT-7eE_Tl_O3ns_fNxcd3H85OLxpdzl0awzihiu3EyKwimnW9Bs37jg52FHooxU6IruXUmLEAY89Yqex6aq1l1nTsBL3ZdOd1nMDUpZLyck5uUulGRuXk353gLuU-fpeC0150tAi8uBNI8dsKeZGTK7d5rwLENcu244x3bOBtQZ__g17FNYVyXqF6IehAel6odqN0ijknsIdlKJHVdLmZLkmNarqsWzz784zDyC-XC8A2IM_VOki___6P7C1VD7v1</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2568817064</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerNature Journals</source><creator>Lai, Nicola ; Fiutem, Justin J. ; Pfaff, Nora ; Salvadego, Desy ; Strainic, James</creator><creatorcontrib>Lai, Nicola ; Fiutem, Justin J. ; Pfaff, Nora ; Salvadego, Desy ; Strainic, James</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as
d
H
R
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(O
2
delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate (
W
R
t
o
t
). To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method in quantifying
W
R
t
o
t
to determine CPET slopes.
Methods
CPET’s were performed by healthy patients, (
n
= 674, 9–18 year) 300 female (F) and 374 male (M), using an incremental ramp protocol on a treadmill. For this protocol, a quantitative relationship based on biomechanical principles of human locomotion, was used to quantify the
W
R
t
o
t
of the subject. CPET slopes were determined by linear regression of the data recorded until the gas exchange threshold occurred.
Results
The method to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
was substantiated by verifying that:
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
for treadmill exercise corresponded to an efficiency of muscular work similar to that of cycle ergometer;
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(mL min
−1
W
−1
) was invariant with age and greater in M than F older than 12 years old (13–14 years: 9.6 ± 1.5(F) vs. 10.5 ± 1.8(M); 15–16 years: 9.7 ± 1.7(F) vs. 10.6 ± 2.2(M); 17–18 years: 9.6 ± 1.7(F) vs. 11.0 ± 2.3(M),
p
< 0.05); similar to cycle ergometer exercise,
d
H
R
/
d
WR
tot
was inversely related to body weight (BW) (
r
= 0.71) or
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.66) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
was not related to BW (
r
= − 0.01), but had a weak relationship with
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.28).
Conclusion
The proposed approach can be used to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
and quantify CPET slopes derived from incremental ramp protocols at submaximal exercise intensities using the treadmill, like the cycle ergometer, to infer cardiovascular and metabolic function in both healthy and diseased states.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04741-1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34143305</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age differences ; Age Factors ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Body weight ; Cardiac muscle ; Child ; Exercise - physiology ; Exercise Test - methods ; Female ; Fitness equipment ; Gas exchange ; Heart Rate - physiology ; Human Physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original ; Original Article ; Oxygen Consumption - physiology ; Physical Exertion - physiology ; Sex Factors ; Skeletal muscle ; Sports Medicine ; Teenagers</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 2021-10, Vol.121 (10), p.2731-2741</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><rights>2021. The Author(s).</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-d3401a398b3fa0c356cec46517fb8c73fa5885241ddbfa0b633a58961fff3fd53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-d3401a398b3fa0c356cec46517fb8c73fa5885241ddbfa0b633a58961fff3fd53</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3436-289X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00421-021-04741-1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00421-021-04741-1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34143305$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lai, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fiutem, Justin J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfaff, Nora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salvadego, Desy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strainic, James</creatorcontrib><title>Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><description>Purpose
Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as
d
H
R
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(O
2
delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate (
W
R
t
o
t
). To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method in quantifying
W
R
t
o
t
to determine CPET slopes.
Methods
CPET’s were performed by healthy patients, (
n
= 674, 9–18 year) 300 female (F) and 374 male (M), using an incremental ramp protocol on a treadmill. For this protocol, a quantitative relationship based on biomechanical principles of human locomotion, was used to quantify the
W
R
t
o
t
of the subject. CPET slopes were determined by linear regression of the data recorded until the gas exchange threshold occurred.
Results
The method to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
was substantiated by verifying that:
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
for treadmill exercise corresponded to an efficiency of muscular work similar to that of cycle ergometer;
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(mL min
−1
W
−1
) was invariant with age and greater in M than F older than 12 years old (13–14 years: 9.6 ± 1.5(F) vs. 10.5 ± 1.8(M); 15–16 years: 9.7 ± 1.7(F) vs. 10.6 ± 2.2(M); 17–18 years: 9.6 ± 1.7(F) vs. 11.0 ± 2.3(M),
p
< 0.05); similar to cycle ergometer exercise,
d
H
R
/
d
WR
tot
was inversely related to body weight (BW) (
r
= 0.71) or
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.66) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
was not related to BW (
r
= − 0.01), but had a weak relationship with
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.28).
Conclusion
The proposed approach can be used to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
and quantify CPET slopes derived from incremental ramp protocols at submaximal exercise intensities using the treadmill, like the cycle ergometer, to infer cardiovascular and metabolic function in both healthy and diseased states.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age differences</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Cardiac muscle</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Exercise Test - methods</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Fitness equipment</subject><subject>Gas exchange</subject><subject>Heart Rate - physiology</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Locomotion</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</subject><subject>Physical Exertion - physiology</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Skeletal muscle</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Teenagers</subject><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU9vFiEQxonR2Fr9Ah4MiRcvq7Cwu7weTJrGqkkTE6NnwsLwlsrCCrvafg8_cCFbX_8cPEyYzPzmYSYPQk8peUkJGV5lQnhLG1KDD5w29B46ppztmp61w_1DTndH6FHOV4QQ0VLxEB0xXlqMdMfo5yfwanFhj7VKxsUEeXZJLTHd4JrHkCHjJeIfMX3FpQHYrKnyLugEE4RF-VKfZgzXkLTLgGPASwJlJud9wbC-dN4kCFgFg5WJHrIuc_k1znC9FfdF1lkLhdKQH6MHVvkMT-7eE_Tl_O3ns_fNxcd3H85OLxpdzl0awzihiu3EyKwimnW9Bs37jg52FHooxU6IruXUmLEAY89Yqex6aq1l1nTsBL3ZdOd1nMDUpZLyck5uUulGRuXk353gLuU-fpeC0150tAi8uBNI8dsKeZGTK7d5rwLENcu244x3bOBtQZ__g17FNYVyXqF6IehAel6odqN0ijknsIdlKJHVdLmZLkmNarqsWzz784zDyC-XC8A2IM_VOki___6P7C1VD7v1</recordid><startdate>20211001</startdate><enddate>20211001</enddate><creator>Lai, Nicola</creator><creator>Fiutem, Justin J.</creator><creator>Pfaff, Nora</creator><creator>Salvadego, Desy</creator><creator>Strainic, James</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-289X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211001</creationdate><title>Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences</title><author>Lai, Nicola ; Fiutem, Justin J. ; Pfaff, Nora ; Salvadego, Desy ; Strainic, James</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-d3401a398b3fa0c356cec46517fb8c73fa5885241ddbfa0b633a58961fff3fd53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age differences</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Cardiac muscle</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Exercise Test - methods</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Fitness equipment</topic><topic>Gas exchange</topic><topic>Heart Rate - physiology</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Locomotion</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Muscle, Skeletal - physiology</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Oxygen Consumption - physiology</topic><topic>Physical Exertion - physiology</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Skeletal muscle</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Teenagers</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lai, Nicola</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fiutem, Justin J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pfaff, Nora</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salvadego, Desy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strainic, James</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lai, Nicola</au><au>Fiutem, Justin J.</au><au>Pfaff, Nora</au><au>Salvadego, Desy</au><au>Strainic, James</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><date>2021-10-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>121</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>2731</spage><epage>2741</epage><pages>2731-2741</pages><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Evaluation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) slopes such as
d
H
R
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(cardiac/skeletal muscle function) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(O
2
delivery/utilization), using treadmill protocols is limited because the difficulties in measuring the total work rate (
W
R
t
o
t
). To overcome this limitation, we proposed a new method in quantifying
W
R
t
o
t
to determine CPET slopes.
Methods
CPET’s were performed by healthy patients, (
n
= 674, 9–18 year) 300 female (F) and 374 male (M), using an incremental ramp protocol on a treadmill. For this protocol, a quantitative relationship based on biomechanical principles of human locomotion, was used to quantify the
W
R
t
o
t
of the subject. CPET slopes were determined by linear regression of the data recorded until the gas exchange threshold occurred.
Results
The method to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
was substantiated by verifying that:
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
for treadmill exercise corresponded to an efficiency of muscular work similar to that of cycle ergometer;
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
(mL min
−1
W
−1
) was invariant with age and greater in M than F older than 12 years old (13–14 years: 9.6 ± 1.5(F) vs. 10.5 ± 1.8(M); 15–16 years: 9.7 ± 1.7(F) vs. 10.6 ± 2.2(M); 17–18 years: 9.6 ± 1.7(F) vs. 11.0 ± 2.3(M),
p
< 0.05); similar to cycle ergometer exercise,
d
H
R
/
d
WR
tot
was inversely related to body weight (BW) (
r
= 0.71) or
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.66) and
d
V
˙
O
2
/
d
W
R
t
o
t
was not related to BW (
r
= − 0.01), but had a weak relationship with
V
˙
O
2
,
peak
(
r
= 0.28).
Conclusion
The proposed approach can be used to estimate
W
R
t
o
t
and quantify CPET slopes derived from incremental ramp protocols at submaximal exercise intensities using the treadmill, like the cycle ergometer, to infer cardiovascular and metabolic function in both healthy and diseased states.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>34143305</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00421-021-04741-1</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3436-289X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1439-6319 |
| ispartof | European journal of applied physiology, 2021-10, Vol.121 (10), p.2731-2741 |
| issn | 1439-6319 1439-6327 1439-6327 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8416851 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerNature Journals |
| subjects | Adolescent Age differences Age Factors Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Body weight Cardiac muscle Child Exercise - physiology Exercise Test - methods Female Fitness equipment Gas exchange Heart Rate - physiology Human Physiology Humans Locomotion Male Muscle, Skeletal - physiology Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Original Article Oxygen Consumption - physiology Physical Exertion - physiology Sex Factors Skeletal muscle Sports Medicine Teenagers |
| title | Relating cardiorespiratory responses to work rate during incremental ramp exercise on treadmill in children and adolescents: sex and age differences |
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