Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial
Abstract Background Early convalescent plasma transfusion may reduce mortality in patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods This study emulates a (hypothetical) target trial using observational data from a cohort of US veterans admitted to a Department of Veterans Affairs...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The Journal of infectious diseases 2021-09, Vol.224 (6), p.967-975 |
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| creator | Cho, Kelly Keithly, Sarah C Kurgansky, Katherine E Madenci, Arin L Gerlovin, Hanna Marucci-Wellman, Helen Doubleday, Annie Thomas, Eva R Park, Yojin Ho, Yuk-Lam Sugimoto, Jonathan D Moore, Kathryn P Peterson, Alexander C Hoag, Constance Gupta, Kalpana Jeans, Karen Klote, Molly Ramoni, Rachel Huang, Grant D Casas, Juan P Gagnon, David R Hernán, Miguel A Smith, Nicholas L Gaziano, J Michael |
| description | Abstract
Background
Early convalescent plasma transfusion may reduce mortality in patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study emulates a (hypothetical) target trial using observational data from a cohort of US veterans admitted to a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facility between 1 May and 17 November 2020 with nonsevere COVID-19. The intervention was convalescent plasma initiated within 2 days of eligibility. Thirty-day mortality was compared using cumulative incidence curves, risk differences, and hazard ratios estimated from pooled logistic models with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding.
Results
Of 11 269 eligible person-trials contributed by 4755 patients, 402 trials were assigned to the convalescent plasma group. Forty and 671 deaths occurred within the plasma and nonplasma groups, respectively. The estimated 30-day mortality risk was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%–9.7%) in the plasma group and 6.2% (95% CI, 5.6%–7.0%) in the nonplasma group. The associated risk difference was 0.30% (95% CI, −2.30% to 3.60%) and the hazard ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, .64–1.62).
Conclusions
Our target trial emulation estimated no meaningful differences in 30-day mortality between nonsevere COVID-19 patients treated and untreated with convalescent plasma.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04545047.
This study used electronic health record data to emulate a target trial of early COVID-19 convalescent plasma and 30-day mortality risk. No differences in mortality risk were found between patients with nonsevere COVID-19 who were treated and untreated with plasma. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/infdis/jiab330 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8411382</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1093/infdis/jiab330</oup_id><sourcerecordid>2576678923</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c429t-9964a3f42d245bcce5740fdbe6b605a3e917fb3a6cbc57c34e4c63515720e7c13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkUGP0zAQhSMEYsvClbMlLiCUXTt27ITDSlUo7EoLRaK7HCPHmbSuHLvYSVH5KfxaHLVaCS5wsjXzvTejeUnykuALgkt6qW3X6nC51bKhFD9KZiSnIuWc0MfJDOMsS0lRlmfJsxC2GGNGuXianFEWMVyWs-TXQnpzQJWze2kgKLAD-mJk6CVabcDL3QFJ26JPzg_S6OGA5r2za3T3Fd3DEPs2oGsXdnrq_oQWfdPDBn12NsAePKBqeX_zPiXlOzS3aNkE8Hs5aGeliQVpDkEHtOhHE4vRNc6Ufg0DWnktzfPkSSdNgBen9zy5-7BYVdfp7fLjTTW_TRXLyiEtS84k7VjWZixvlIJcMNy1DfCG41xSKInoGiq5alQuFGXAFKc5yUWGQShCz5Oro-9ubHpopxN4aeqd1730h9pJXf_ZsXpTr92-LhghtMiiweuTgXffRwhD3et4SWOkBTeGOssZIzzLyYS--gvdutHHS0yU4FwUZUYjdXGklHcheOgeliG4nmKvj7HXp9ij4O1R8AMa1wWlwSp4EMXcBSZc8CL-MI908f90FaOdEqvcaIcofXOUunH3r6V-Aykb0js</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2576678923</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial</title><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Cho, Kelly ; Keithly, Sarah C ; Kurgansky, Katherine E ; Madenci, Arin L ; Gerlovin, Hanna ; Marucci-Wellman, Helen ; Doubleday, Annie ; Thomas, Eva R ; Park, Yojin ; Ho, Yuk-Lam ; Sugimoto, Jonathan D ; Moore, Kathryn P ; Peterson, Alexander C ; Hoag, Constance ; Gupta, Kalpana ; Jeans, Karen ; Klote, Molly ; Ramoni, Rachel ; Huang, Grant D ; Casas, Juan P ; Gagnon, David R ; Hernán, Miguel A ; Smith, Nicholas L ; Gaziano, J Michael</creator><creatorcontrib>Cho, Kelly ; Keithly, Sarah C ; Kurgansky, Katherine E ; Madenci, Arin L ; Gerlovin, Hanna ; Marucci-Wellman, Helen ; Doubleday, Annie ; Thomas, Eva R ; Park, Yojin ; Ho, Yuk-Lam ; Sugimoto, Jonathan D ; Moore, Kathryn P ; Peterson, Alexander C ; Hoag, Constance ; Gupta, Kalpana ; Jeans, Karen ; Klote, Molly ; Ramoni, Rachel ; Huang, Grant D ; Casas, Juan P ; Gagnon, David R ; Hernán, Miguel A ; Smith, Nicholas L ; Gaziano, J Michael</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract
Background
Early convalescent plasma transfusion may reduce mortality in patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study emulates a (hypothetical) target trial using observational data from a cohort of US veterans admitted to a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facility between 1 May and 17 November 2020 with nonsevere COVID-19. The intervention was convalescent plasma initiated within 2 days of eligibility. Thirty-day mortality was compared using cumulative incidence curves, risk differences, and hazard ratios estimated from pooled logistic models with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding.
Results
Of 11 269 eligible person-trials contributed by 4755 patients, 402 trials were assigned to the convalescent plasma group. Forty and 671 deaths occurred within the plasma and nonplasma groups, respectively. The estimated 30-day mortality risk was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%–9.7%) in the plasma group and 6.2% (95% CI, 5.6%–7.0%) in the nonplasma group. The associated risk difference was 0.30% (95% CI, −2.30% to 3.60%) and the hazard ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, .64–1.62).
Conclusions
Our target trial emulation estimated no meaningful differences in 30-day mortality between nonsevere COVID-19 patients treated and untreated with convalescent plasma.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04545047.
This study used electronic health record data to emulate a target trial of early COVID-19 convalescent plasma and 30-day mortality risk. No differences in mortality risk were found between patients with nonsevere COVID-19 who were treated and untreated with plasma.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-1899</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1537-6613</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab330</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34153099</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Clinical trials ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Immunology ; Infectious Diseases ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Major ; Microbiology ; Mortality ; Patients ; Plasma ; Science & Technology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Veterans</subject><ispartof>The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021-09, Vol.224 (6), p.967-975</ispartof><rights>Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021. 2021</rights><rights>Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021.</rights><rights>Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2021. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>true</woscitedreferencessubscribed><woscitedreferencescount>13</woscitedreferencescount><woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid>wos000701676800006</woscitedreferencesoriginalsourcerecordid><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c429t-9964a3f42d245bcce5740fdbe6b605a3e917fb3a6cbc57c34e4c63515720e7c13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c429t-9964a3f42d245bcce5740fdbe6b605a3e917fb3a6cbc57c34e4c63515720e7c13</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1727-7076 ; 0000-0002-6700-2129 ; 0000-0003-1258-7278 ; 0000-0002-6600-8668 ; 0000-0003-1619-8456</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1583,27922,27923</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cho, Kelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keithly, Sarah C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurgansky, Katherine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madenci, Arin L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerlovin, Hanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marucci-Wellman, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doubleday, Annie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Eva R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Yojin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Yuk-Lam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugimoto, Jonathan D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Kathryn P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Alexander C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoag, Constance</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Kalpana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeans, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klote, Molly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramoni, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Grant D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casas, Juan P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gagnon, David R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernán, Miguel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Nicholas L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaziano, J Michael</creatorcontrib><title>Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial</title><title>The Journal of infectious diseases</title><addtitle>J INFECT DIS</addtitle><description>Abstract
Background
Early convalescent plasma transfusion may reduce mortality in patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study emulates a (hypothetical) target trial using observational data from a cohort of US veterans admitted to a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facility between 1 May and 17 November 2020 with nonsevere COVID-19. The intervention was convalescent plasma initiated within 2 days of eligibility. Thirty-day mortality was compared using cumulative incidence curves, risk differences, and hazard ratios estimated from pooled logistic models with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding.
Results
Of 11 269 eligible person-trials contributed by 4755 patients, 402 trials were assigned to the convalescent plasma group. Forty and 671 deaths occurred within the plasma and nonplasma groups, respectively. The estimated 30-day mortality risk was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%–9.7%) in the plasma group and 6.2% (95% CI, 5.6%–7.0%) in the nonplasma group. The associated risk difference was 0.30% (95% CI, −2.30% to 3.60%) and the hazard ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, .64–1.62).
Conclusions
Our target trial emulation estimated no meaningful differences in 30-day mortality between nonsevere COVID-19 patients treated and untreated with convalescent plasma.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04545047.
This study used electronic health record data to emulate a target trial of early COVID-19 convalescent plasma and 30-day mortality risk. No differences in mortality risk were found between patients with nonsevere COVID-19 who were treated and untreated with plasma.</description><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Immunology</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Major</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>Science & Technology</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Veterans</subject><issn>0022-1899</issn><issn>1537-6613</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>HGBXW</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkUGP0zAQhSMEYsvClbMlLiCUXTt27ITDSlUo7EoLRaK7HCPHmbSuHLvYSVH5KfxaHLVaCS5wsjXzvTejeUnykuALgkt6qW3X6nC51bKhFD9KZiSnIuWc0MfJDOMsS0lRlmfJsxC2GGNGuXianFEWMVyWs-TXQnpzQJWze2kgKLAD-mJk6CVabcDL3QFJ26JPzg_S6OGA5r2za3T3Fd3DEPs2oGsXdnrq_oQWfdPDBn12NsAePKBqeX_zPiXlOzS3aNkE8Hs5aGeliQVpDkEHtOhHE4vRNc6Ufg0DWnktzfPkSSdNgBen9zy5-7BYVdfp7fLjTTW_TRXLyiEtS84k7VjWZixvlIJcMNy1DfCG41xSKInoGiq5alQuFGXAFKc5yUWGQShCz5Oro-9ubHpopxN4aeqd1730h9pJXf_ZsXpTr92-LhghtMiiweuTgXffRwhD3et4SWOkBTeGOssZIzzLyYS--gvdutHHS0yU4FwUZUYjdXGklHcheOgeliG4nmKvj7HXp9ij4O1R8AMa1wWlwSp4EMXcBSZc8CL-MI908f90FaOdEqvcaIcofXOUunH3r6V-Aykb0js</recordid><startdate>20210915</startdate><enddate>20210915</enddate><creator>Cho, Kelly</creator><creator>Keithly, Sarah C</creator><creator>Kurgansky, Katherine E</creator><creator>Madenci, Arin L</creator><creator>Gerlovin, Hanna</creator><creator>Marucci-Wellman, Helen</creator><creator>Doubleday, Annie</creator><creator>Thomas, Eva R</creator><creator>Park, Yojin</creator><creator>Ho, Yuk-Lam</creator><creator>Sugimoto, Jonathan D</creator><creator>Moore, Kathryn P</creator><creator>Peterson, Alexander C</creator><creator>Hoag, Constance</creator><creator>Gupta, Kalpana</creator><creator>Jeans, Karen</creator><creator>Klote, Molly</creator><creator>Ramoni, Rachel</creator><creator>Huang, Grant D</creator><creator>Casas, Juan P</creator><creator>Gagnon, David R</creator><creator>Hernán, Miguel A</creator><creator>Smith, Nicholas L</creator><creator>Gaziano, J Michael</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Univ Press</general><scope>BLEPL</scope><scope>DTL</scope><scope>HGBXW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1727-7076</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-2129</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1258-7278</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-8668</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-8456</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210915</creationdate><title>Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial</title><author>Cho, Kelly ; Keithly, Sarah C ; Kurgansky, Katherine E ; Madenci, Arin L ; Gerlovin, Hanna ; Marucci-Wellman, Helen ; Doubleday, Annie ; Thomas, Eva R ; Park, Yojin ; Ho, Yuk-Lam ; Sugimoto, Jonathan D ; Moore, Kathryn P ; Peterson, Alexander C ; Hoag, Constance ; Gupta, Kalpana ; Jeans, Karen ; Klote, Molly ; Ramoni, Rachel ; Huang, Grant D ; Casas, Juan P ; Gagnon, David R ; Hernán, Miguel A ; Smith, Nicholas L ; Gaziano, J Michael</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c429t-9964a3f42d245bcce5740fdbe6b605a3e917fb3a6cbc57c34e4c63515720e7c13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Immunology</topic><topic>Infectious Diseases</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Major</topic><topic>Microbiology</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Veterans</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cho, Kelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keithly, Sarah C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kurgansky, Katherine E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Madenci, Arin L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gerlovin, Hanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marucci-Wellman, Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doubleday, Annie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Eva R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Yojin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ho, Yuk-Lam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sugimoto, Jonathan D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Kathryn P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, Alexander C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hoag, Constance</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Kalpana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jeans, Karen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klote, Molly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ramoni, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Grant D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Casas, Juan P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gagnon, David R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hernán, Miguel A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Nicholas L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaziano, J Michael</creatorcontrib><collection>Web of Science Core Collection</collection><collection>Science Citation Index Expanded</collection><collection>Web of Science - Science Citation Index Expanded - 2021</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The Journal of infectious diseases</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cho, Kelly</au><au>Keithly, Sarah C</au><au>Kurgansky, Katherine E</au><au>Madenci, Arin L</au><au>Gerlovin, Hanna</au><au>Marucci-Wellman, Helen</au><au>Doubleday, Annie</au><au>Thomas, Eva R</au><au>Park, Yojin</au><au>Ho, Yuk-Lam</au><au>Sugimoto, Jonathan D</au><au>Moore, Kathryn P</au><au>Peterson, Alexander C</au><au>Hoag, Constance</au><au>Gupta, Kalpana</au><au>Jeans, Karen</au><au>Klote, Molly</au><au>Ramoni, Rachel</au><au>Huang, Grant D</au><au>Casas, Juan P</au><au>Gagnon, David R</au><au>Hernán, Miguel A</au><au>Smith, Nicholas L</au><au>Gaziano, J Michael</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of infectious diseases</jtitle><stitle>J INFECT DIS</stitle><date>2021-09-15</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>224</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>967</spage><epage>975</epage><pages>967-975</pages><issn>0022-1899</issn><eissn>1537-6613</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Background
Early convalescent plasma transfusion may reduce mortality in patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
This study emulates a (hypothetical) target trial using observational data from a cohort of US veterans admitted to a Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) facility between 1 May and 17 November 2020 with nonsevere COVID-19. The intervention was convalescent plasma initiated within 2 days of eligibility. Thirty-day mortality was compared using cumulative incidence curves, risk differences, and hazard ratios estimated from pooled logistic models with inverse probability weighting to adjust for confounding.
Results
Of 11 269 eligible person-trials contributed by 4755 patients, 402 trials were assigned to the convalescent plasma group. Forty and 671 deaths occurred within the plasma and nonplasma groups, respectively. The estimated 30-day mortality risk was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%–9.7%) in the plasma group and 6.2% (95% CI, 5.6%–7.0%) in the nonplasma group. The associated risk difference was 0.30% (95% CI, −2.30% to 3.60%) and the hazard ratio was 1.04 (95% CI, .64–1.62).
Conclusions
Our target trial emulation estimated no meaningful differences in 30-day mortality between nonsevere COVID-19 patients treated and untreated with convalescent plasma.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04545047.
This study used electronic health record data to emulate a target trial of early COVID-19 convalescent plasma and 30-day mortality risk. No differences in mortality risk were found between patients with nonsevere COVID-19 who were treated and untreated with plasma.</abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>34153099</pmid><doi>10.1093/infdis/jiab330</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1727-7076</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-2129</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1258-7278</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6600-8668</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1619-8456</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | The Journal of infectious diseases, 2021-09, Vol.224 (6), p.967-975 |
| issn | 0022-1899 1537-6613 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Clinical trials Coronaviruses COVID-19 Immunology Infectious Diseases Life Sciences & Biomedicine Major Microbiology Mortality Patients Plasma Science & Technology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Veterans |
| title | Early Convalescent Plasma Therapy and Mortality Among US Veterans Hospitalized With Nonsevere COVID-19: An Observational Analysis Emulating a Target Trial |
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