Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Coronado Island Rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri caliginis) Venom and Antivenom Neutralization
The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the descripti...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Toxins 2021-08, Vol.13 (8), p.582, Article 582 |
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| creator | Franco-Servin, Cristian Neri-Castro, Edgar Benard-Valle, Melisa Alagon, Alejandro Rosales-Garcia, Ramses Alejandro Guerrero-Alba, Raquel Poblano-Sanchez, Jose Emanuel Silva-Briano, Marcelo Guerrero-Barrera, Alma Lilian Sigala-Rodriguez, Jose Jesus |
| description | The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30-35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/toxins13080582 |
| format | Article |
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Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30-35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6651</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080582</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34437453</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>BASEL: Mdpi</publisher><subject>Animals ; Antivenins - therapeutic use ; Antivenom ; Biological Ontologies ; commercial Mexican antivenoms ; Crotalus ; Crotalus helleri caliginis ; crotamine isoforms ; Crotoxin ; Crotoxin - chemistry ; Crotoxin - genetics ; Crotoxin - toxicity ; Endemic species ; Enzymes ; Food Science & Technology ; Gel electrophoresis ; Genetic Variation ; High performance liquid chromatography ; island rattlesnake ; Islands ; Lethality ; Life Sciences & Biomedicine ; Liquid chromatography ; Males ; Mexico ; muscle paralysis ; Muscles ; Neurotoxins ; Neutralization ; Ontogeny ; Paralysis - chemically induced ; Paralysis - drug therapy ; Peptides ; Phospholipase A2 ; Phrenic nerve ; Proteins ; Proteolysis ; Science & Technology ; Serine ; Size exclusion chromatography ; Snake Bites - drug therapy ; Snakes ; Sodium lauryl sulfate ; Toxicology ; Toxins ; Venom</subject><ispartof>Toxins, 2021-08, Vol.13 (8), p.582, Article 582</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30-35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antivenins - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Antivenom</subject><subject>Biological Ontologies</subject><subject>commercial Mexican antivenoms</subject><subject>Crotalus</subject><subject>Crotalus helleri caliginis</subject><subject>crotamine isoforms</subject><subject>Crotoxin</subject><subject>Crotoxin - chemistry</subject><subject>Crotoxin - genetics</subject><subject>Crotoxin - toxicity</subject><subject>Endemic species</subject><subject>Enzymes</subject><subject>Food Science & Technology</subject><subject>Gel electrophoresis</subject><subject>Genetic Variation</subject><subject>High performance liquid chromatography</subject><subject>island rattlesnake</subject><subject>Islands</subject><subject>Lethality</subject><subject>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Mexico</subject><subject>muscle paralysis</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Neurotoxins</subject><subject>Neutralization</subject><subject>Ontogeny</subject><subject>Paralysis - 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therapeutic use</topic><topic>Antivenom</topic><topic>Biological Ontologies</topic><topic>commercial Mexican antivenoms</topic><topic>Crotalus</topic><topic>Crotalus helleri caliginis</topic><topic>crotamine isoforms</topic><topic>Crotoxin</topic><topic>Crotoxin - chemistry</topic><topic>Crotoxin - genetics</topic><topic>Crotoxin - toxicity</topic><topic>Endemic species</topic><topic>Enzymes</topic><topic>Food Science & Technology</topic><topic>Gel electrophoresis</topic><topic>Genetic Variation</topic><topic>High performance liquid chromatography</topic><topic>island rattlesnake</topic><topic>Islands</topic><topic>Lethality</topic><topic>Life Sciences & Biomedicine</topic><topic>Liquid chromatography</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Mexico</topic><topic>muscle paralysis</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Neurotoxins</topic><topic>Neutralization</topic><topic>Ontogeny</topic><topic>Paralysis - chemically induced</topic><topic>Paralysis - drug therapy</topic><topic>Peptides</topic><topic>Phospholipase A2</topic><topic>Phrenic nerve</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Proteolysis</topic><topic>Science & Technology</topic><topic>Serine</topic><topic>Size exclusion chromatography</topic><topic>Snake Bites - 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Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better understanding of evolutionary processes and the description of novel toxins. Crotalus helleri caliginis venom samples were analyzed to determine possible ontogenetic variation with SDS-PAGE in one and two dimensions and with RP-HPLC. Western Blot, ELISA, and amino-terminal sequencing were used to determine the main components of the venom. The biological and biochemical activities demonstrate the similarity of C. helleri caliginis venom to the continental species C. helleri helleri, with both having low proteolytic and phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity but differing due to the absence of neurotoxin (crotoxin-like) in the insular species. The main components of the snake venom were metalloproteases, serine proteases, and crotamine, which was the most abundant toxin group (30-35% of full venom). The crotamine was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography where its functional effects were tested on mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations in which a significant reduction in muscle twitch contractions were observed. The two Mexican antivenoms could neutralize the lethality of C. helleri caliginis venom but not the crotamine effects.</abstract><cop>BASEL</cop><pub>Mdpi</pub><pmid>34437453</pmid><doi>10.3390/toxins13080582</doi><tpages>21</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5895-1568</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1551-4584</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animals Antivenins - therapeutic use Antivenom Biological Ontologies commercial Mexican antivenoms Crotalus Crotalus helleri caliginis crotamine isoforms Crotoxin Crotoxin - chemistry Crotoxin - genetics Crotoxin - toxicity Endemic species Enzymes Food Science & Technology Gel electrophoresis Genetic Variation High performance liquid chromatography island rattlesnake Islands Lethality Life Sciences & Biomedicine Liquid chromatography Males Mexico muscle paralysis Muscles Neurotoxins Neutralization Ontogeny Paralysis - chemically induced Paralysis - drug therapy Peptides Phospholipase A2 Phrenic nerve Proteins Proteolysis Science & Technology Serine Size exclusion chromatography Snake Bites - drug therapy Snakes Sodium lauryl sulfate Toxicology Toxins Venom |
| title | Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Coronado Island Rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri caliginis) Venom and Antivenom Neutralization |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-02T17%3A28%3A05IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biological%20and%20Biochemical%20Characterization%20of%20Coronado%20Island%20Rattlesnake%20(Crotalus%20helleri%20caliginis)%20Venom%20and%20Antivenom%20Neutralization&rft.jtitle=Toxins&rft.au=Franco-Servin,%20Cristian&rft.date=2021-08-21&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.spage=582&rft.pages=582-&rft.artnum=582&rft.issn=2072-6651&rft.eissn=2072-6651&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/toxins13080582&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2566030550%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2565712383&rft_id=info:pmid/34437453&rft_doaj_id=oai_doaj_org_article_5a986ef012d14f56b40b3d1769da97a4&rfr_iscdi=true |