Linking Innovative Human Capital, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data
To study the economic and environmental effects of human capital, previous studies measure human capital based on education; however, this approach has many shortcomings because not all educated people are innovative human capital. Hence, this study introduces the concept of innovative human capital...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2021-08, Vol.18 (16), p.8503 |
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| container_title | International journal of environmental research and public health |
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| creator | Lin, Xi Zhao, Yongle Ahmad, Mahmood Ahmed, Zahoor Rjoub, Husam Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday |
| description | To study the economic and environmental effects of human capital, previous studies measure human capital based on education; however, this approach has many shortcomings because not all educated people are innovative human capital. Hence, this study introduces the concept of innovative human capital by developing a new index that measures human capital based on the number of patents every one million R&D staff full-time equivalent. After this, this paper studies the impact of innovative human capital on CO2 emissions in China. The provincial panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017 is analyzed using the fixed effect, ordinary least squares, and the system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM). The analysis revealed that innovative human capital alleviates environmental deterioration in China. The findings unfold the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) considering innovative human capital in the model. It implies that Chinese economic development will eventually support environmental sustainability if China continues to develop its innovative human capital. Among the control variables, economic structure, population density, and energy intensity stimulate environmental degradation by increasing CO2 emissions. However, FDI has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions. Lastly, the study proposes comprehensive policies to increase innovative human capital for environmental sustainability. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph18168503 |
| format | Article |
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Hence, this study introduces the concept of innovative human capital by developing a new index that measures human capital based on the number of patents every one million R&D staff full-time equivalent. After this, this paper studies the impact of innovative human capital on CO2 emissions in China. The provincial panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017 is analyzed using the fixed effect, ordinary least squares, and the system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM). The analysis revealed that innovative human capital alleviates environmental deterioration in China. The findings unfold the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) considering innovative human capital in the model. It implies that Chinese economic development will eventually support environmental sustainability if China continues to develop its innovative human capital. Among the control variables, economic structure, population density, and energy intensity stimulate environmental degradation by increasing CO2 emissions. However, FDI has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions. Lastly, the study proposes comprehensive policies to increase innovative human capital for environmental sustainability.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168503</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34444252</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Carbon ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate change ; Economic development ; Economic growth ; Educational attainment ; Emissions ; Employment ; Energy consumption ; Environmental degradation ; Environmental effects ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Kuznets curve ; Environmental quality ; Higher education ; Human capital ; Innovations ; International organizations ; Literature reviews ; Longitudinal studies ; Method of moments ; Population density ; R&D ; Research & development ; Sustainability ; Sustainable development</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021-08, Vol.18 (16), p.8503</ispartof><rights>2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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Hence, this study introduces the concept of innovative human capital by developing a new index that measures human capital based on the number of patents every one million R&D staff full-time equivalent. After this, this paper studies the impact of innovative human capital on CO2 emissions in China. The provincial panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2003 to 2017 is analyzed using the fixed effect, ordinary least squares, and the system generalized method of moments (SYS-GMM). The analysis revealed that innovative human capital alleviates environmental deterioration in China. The findings unfold the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) considering innovative human capital in the model. It implies that Chinese economic development will eventually support environmental sustainability if China continues to develop its innovative human capital. Among the control variables, economic structure, population density, and energy intensity stimulate environmental degradation by increasing CO2 emissions. However, FDI has a negative relationship with CO2 emissions. Lastly, the study proposes comprehensive policies to increase innovative human capital for environmental sustainability.</description><subject>Carbon</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Economic development</subject><subject>Economic growth</subject><subject>Educational attainment</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Employment</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Environmental degradation</subject><subject>Environmental effects</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental Kuznets curve</subject><subject>Environmental quality</subject><subject>Higher education</subject><subject>Human capital</subject><subject>Innovations</subject><subject>International organizations</subject><subject>Literature reviews</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Method of moments</subject><subject>Population density</subject><subject>R&D</subject><subject>Research & development</subject><subject>Sustainability</subject><subject>Sustainable development</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkU1vFDEMhiMEoqVw5RyJC4duyfdOOCCVZfshrdRKwDnyJJlulplkmsws6om_TqpWFcUX2_KjV35thN5TcsK5Jp_CzudxSxuqGkn4C3RIlSILoQh9-U99gN6UsiOEN0Lp1-iAixpMskP0ZxPirxBv8GWMaQ9T2Ht8MQ8Q8QrGMEF_jNc2xTQEi89z-j1tjzFEh1dXDK-HUEpIsXzGp7F2Y8jBQo-_T7O7w1-heIdTFdqG6IvH1zntQ7ShEtcQfY-_wQRv0asO-uLfPeYj9PNs_WN1sdhcnV-uTjcLKwSZFrQjVFghpYOuJQxAe-d11ygPreROKldLyloiHPGtpksB1i1BWq9tp1nHj9CXB91xbgfvrI9Tht6MOQyQ70yCYJ5PYtiam7Q3DddUSl4FPj4K5HQ7-zKZ6t76vq9W0lwMk_XYTOlmWdEP_6G7NOdY7d1TkgmpiarUyQNlcyol--5pGUrM_W_N89_yv1AwmHU</recordid><startdate>20210811</startdate><enddate>20210811</enddate><creator>Lin, Xi</creator><creator>Zhao, Yongle</creator><creator>Ahmad, Mahmood</creator><creator>Ahmed, Zahoor</creator><creator>Rjoub, Husam</creator><creator>Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9974-0150</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6536-8971</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-0582</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-1778</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210811</creationdate><title>Linking Innovative Human Capital, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data</title><author>Lin, Xi ; Zhao, Yongle ; Ahmad, Mahmood ; Ahmed, Zahoor ; Rjoub, Husam ; Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c440t-1f014c455dafb02aa9ede9f86eab53d56d86e12b04d0eb9174acd7a5ce9cf92f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Carbon</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Economic development</topic><topic>Economic growth</topic><topic>Educational attainment</topic><topic>Emissions</topic><topic>Employment</topic><topic>Energy consumption</topic><topic>Environmental degradation</topic><topic>Environmental effects</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Environmental Kuznets curve</topic><topic>Environmental quality</topic><topic>Higher education</topic><topic>Human capital</topic><topic>Innovations</topic><topic>International organizations</topic><topic>Literature reviews</topic><topic>Longitudinal studies</topic><topic>Method of moments</topic><topic>Population density</topic><topic>R&D</topic><topic>Research & development</topic><topic>Sustainability</topic><topic>Sustainable development</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lin, Xi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhao, Yongle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad, Mahmood</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Zahoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rjoub, Husam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lin, Xi</au><au>Zhao, Yongle</au><au>Ahmad, Mahmood</au><au>Ahmed, Zahoor</au><au>Rjoub, Husam</au><au>Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Linking Innovative Human Capital, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><date>2021-08-11</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>16</issue><spage>8503</spage><pages>8503-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>To study the economic and environmental effects of human capital, previous studies measure human capital based on education; 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| subjects | Carbon Carbon dioxide Climate change Economic development Economic growth Educational attainment Emissions Employment Energy consumption Environmental degradation Environmental effects Environmental impact Environmental Kuznets curve Environmental quality Higher education Human capital Innovations International organizations Literature reviews Longitudinal studies Method of moments Population density R&D Research & development Sustainability Sustainable development |
| title | Linking Innovative Human Capital, Economic Growth, and CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on Chinese Provincial Panel Data |
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