Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries
Previous analyses of trends in feeding indicators of children younger than 2 years have been limited to low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to assess time trends in the consumption of different types of milk (breastmilk, formula, and animal milk) by children younger than 2 years from 20...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The lancet child & adolescent health 2021-09, Vol.5 (9), p.619-630 |
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| creator | Neves, Paulo A R Vaz, Juliana S Maia, Fatima S Baker, Philip Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna Piwoz, Ellen Rollins, Nigel Victora, Cesar G |
| description | Previous analyses of trends in feeding indicators of children younger than 2 years have been limited to low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to assess time trends in the consumption of different types of milk (breastmilk, formula, and animal milk) by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019 at a global level.
In this time-series analysis, we combined cross-sectional data from 487 nationally representative surveys from low-income and middle-income countries and information from high-income countries to estimate seven infant and young child feeding indicators in up to 113 countries. Multilevel linear models were used in pooled analyses to estimate annual changes in feeding practices from 2000 to 2019 for country income groups and world regions.
For the absolute average annual changes, we found significant gains in any breastfeeding at age 6 months in high-income countries (1·29 percentage points [PPs] per year [95% CI 1·12 to 1·45]; p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00163-2 |
| format | Article |
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In this time-series analysis, we combined cross-sectional data from 487 nationally representative surveys from low-income and middle-income countries and information from high-income countries to estimate seven infant and young child feeding indicators in up to 113 countries. Multilevel linear models were used in pooled analyses to estimate annual changes in feeding practices from 2000 to 2019 for country income groups and world regions.
For the absolute average annual changes, we found significant gains in any breastfeeding at age 6 months in high-income countries (1·29 percentage points [PPs] per year [95% CI 1·12 to 1·45]; p<0·0001) and at age 1 year in high-income countries (1·14 PPs per year [0·99 to 1·28]; p<0·0001) and upper-middle-income countries (0·53 PPs per year [0·23 to 0·82]; p<0·0001). We also found a small reduction in low-income countries for any breastfeeding at age 6 months (−0·07 PPs per year [–0·11 to −0·03]; p<0·0001) and age 1 year (−0·13 PPs per year [–0·18 to −0·09]; p<0·0001). Data on exclusive breastfeeding and consumption of formula and animal milk were only available for low-income and middle-income countries, where exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life increased by 0·70 PPs per year (0·51–0·88; p<0·0001) to reach 48·6% (41·9–55·2) in 2019. Exclusive breastfeeding increased in all world regions except for the Middle East and north Africa. Formula consumption in the first 6 months of life increased in upper-middle-income countries and in east Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and north Africa, and eastern Europe and central Asia, whereas the rates remained below 8% in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Animal milk consumption by children younger than 6 months decreased significantly (−0·41 PPs per year [–0·51 to −0·31]; p<0·0001) in low-income and middle-income countries.
We found some increases in exclusive and any breastfeeding at age 6 months in various regions and income groups, while formula consumption increased in upper-middle-income countries. To achieve the global target of 70% exclusive breastfeeding by 2030, however, rates of improvement will need to be accelerated.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through WHO.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 2352-4642</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2352-4650</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2352-4650</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00163-2</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34245677</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; Breast Feeding - methods ; Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data ; Breast Feeding - trends ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior - physiology ; Feeding Methods - trends ; Female ; Global Health - statistics & numerical data ; Global Health - trends ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula - standards ; Infant Formula - statistics & numerical data ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Male ; Milk - physiology ; Milk - standards ; Milk - statistics & numerical data ; Milk, Human - physiology ; Socioeconomic Factors</subject><ispartof>The lancet child & adolescent health, 2021-09, Vol.5 (9), p.619-630</ispartof><rights>2021 World Health Organization</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 World Health Organization; licensee Elsevier. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license which permits users to download and share the article for non-commercial purposes, so long as the article is reproduced in the whole without changes, and provided the original source is properly cited. This article shall not be used or reproduced in association with the promotion of commercial products, services or any entity. There should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organisation, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.</rights><rights>2021 World Health Organization 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c519t-49c977bdeee65786178c3fa31015da66fc6c0de66c6584d95e0c2f704013bda23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c519t-49c977bdeee65786178c3fa31015da66fc6c0de66c6584d95e0c2f704013bda23</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-4197-8289 ; 0000-0002-0802-2349 ; 0000-0002-2018-6645 ; 0000-0002-2880-767X ; 0000-0001-5284-2654 ; 0000-0002-2465-2180 ; 0000-0002-1200-4725 ; 0000-0001-6688-2745</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34245677$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Neves, Paulo A R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vaz, Juliana S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maia, Fatima S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piwoz, Ellen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollins, Nigel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Victora, Cesar G</creatorcontrib><title>Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries</title><title>The lancet child & adolescent health</title><addtitle>Lancet Child Adolesc Health</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Previous analyses of trends in feeding indicators of children younger than 2 years have been limited to low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to assess time trends in the consumption of different types of milk (breastmilk, formula, and animal milk) by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019 at a global level.
In this time-series analysis, we combined cross-sectional data from 487 nationally representative surveys from low-income and middle-income countries and information from high-income countries to estimate seven infant and young child feeding indicators in up to 113 countries. Multilevel linear models were used in pooled analyses to estimate annual changes in feeding practices from 2000 to 2019 for country income groups and world regions.
For the absolute average annual changes, we found significant gains in any breastfeeding at age 6 months in high-income countries (1·29 percentage points [PPs] per year [95% CI 1·12 to 1·45]; p<0·0001) and at age 1 year in high-income countries (1·14 PPs per year [0·99 to 1·28]; p<0·0001) and upper-middle-income countries (0·53 PPs per year [0·23 to 0·82]; p<0·0001). We also found a small reduction in low-income countries for any breastfeeding at age 6 months (−0·07 PPs per year [–0·11 to −0·03]; p<0·0001) and age 1 year (−0·13 PPs per year [–0·18 to −0·09]; p<0·0001). Data on exclusive breastfeeding and consumption of formula and animal milk were only available for low-income and middle-income countries, where exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life increased by 0·70 PPs per year (0·51–0·88; p<0·0001) to reach 48·6% (41·9–55·2) in 2019. Exclusive breastfeeding increased in all world regions except for the Middle East and north Africa. Formula consumption in the first 6 months of life increased in upper-middle-income countries and in east Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and north Africa, and eastern Europe and central Asia, whereas the rates remained below 8% in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Animal milk consumption by children younger than 6 months decreased significantly (−0·41 PPs per year [–0·51 to −0·31]; p<0·0001) in low-income and middle-income countries.
We found some increases in exclusive and any breastfeeding at age 6 months in various regions and income groups, while formula consumption increased in upper-middle-income countries. To achieve the global target of 70% exclusive breastfeeding by 2030, however, rates of improvement will need to be accelerated.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through WHO.]]></description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - methods</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Breast Feeding - trends</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Feeding Behavior - physiology</subject><subject>Feeding Methods - trends</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Global Health - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Global Health - trends</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infant Formula - standards</subject><subject>Infant Formula - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Milk - physiology</subject><subject>Milk - standards</subject><subject>Milk - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Milk, Human - physiology</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><issn>2352-4642</issn><issn>2352-4650</issn><issn>2352-4650</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUdtu1DAQtRCIVqWfAPJjkRrwJXYSHqhQRQtSJSQuz5ZjT7qGxF5sp1J-hm_F2V1W8MTTWDNnzjmeg9BzSl5RQuXrL4wLVtWyZheMviSlxSv2CJ0e2oI8Pr5rdoLOU_pOCqptaUPqp-iE16wWsmlO0a_POkPC2luc3QQ4R_A2Yedx3gA2wad52mYXPA4D7iPolCc3_rjEQ4jTPOrL3ar2btIjXie4X7DZuNEWIryE2d9DLFzaY4YX0DHhIYYJs-IH51Aq7d6UfT0uyaVVhFJedGefo4P0DD0Z9Jjg_FDP0Leb91-vP1R3n24_Xr-7q4ygXa7qznRN01sAkKJpJW1awwfNy7GE1VIORhpiQUojRVvbTgAxbCi3IJT3VjN-ht7uebdzP4E1UOT1qLax_CsuKmin_p14t1H34UG1vJFSyEJwcSCI4ecMKavJJQPjqD2EOSkmBGGSy7YpULGHmhhSijAcZShRa7xqF69as1OMql28avX44m-Px60_YRbA1R4A5VIPDqJKxoE3YF0Ek5UN7j8SvwGJMLVZ</recordid><startdate>202109</startdate><enddate>202109</enddate><creator>Neves, Paulo A R</creator><creator>Vaz, Juliana S</creator><creator>Maia, Fatima S</creator><creator>Baker, Philip</creator><creator>Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna</creator><creator>Piwoz, Ellen</creator><creator>Rollins, Nigel</creator><creator>Victora, Cesar G</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4197-8289</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-2349</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-6645</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-767X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-2654</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2180</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1200-4725</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-2745</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202109</creationdate><title>Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries</title><author>Neves, Paulo A R ; Vaz, Juliana S ; Maia, Fatima S ; Baker, Philip ; Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna ; Piwoz, Ellen ; Rollins, Nigel ; Victora, Cesar G</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c519t-49c977bdeee65786178c3fa31015da66fc6c0de66c6584d95e0c2f704013bda23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - methods</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Breast Feeding - trends</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Feeding Behavior - physiology</topic><topic>Feeding Methods - trends</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Global Health - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Global Health - trends</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infant Formula - standards</topic><topic>Infant Formula - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Milk - physiology</topic><topic>Milk - standards</topic><topic>Milk - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Milk, Human - physiology</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Neves, Paulo A R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vaz, Juliana S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Maia, Fatima S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baker, Philip</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Piwoz, Ellen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rollins, Nigel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Victora, Cesar G</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The lancet child & adolescent health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Neves, Paulo A R</au><au>Vaz, Juliana S</au><au>Maia, Fatima S</au><au>Baker, Philip</au><au>Gatica-Domínguez, Giovanna</au><au>Piwoz, Ellen</au><au>Rollins, Nigel</au><au>Victora, Cesar G</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries</atitle><jtitle>The lancet child & adolescent health</jtitle><addtitle>Lancet Child Adolesc Health</addtitle><date>2021-09</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>5</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>619</spage><epage>630</epage><pages>619-630</pages><issn>2352-4642</issn><issn>2352-4650</issn><eissn>2352-4650</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Previous analyses of trends in feeding indicators of children younger than 2 years have been limited to low-income and middle-income countries. We aimed to assess time trends in the consumption of different types of milk (breastmilk, formula, and animal milk) by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019 at a global level.
In this time-series analysis, we combined cross-sectional data from 487 nationally representative surveys from low-income and middle-income countries and information from high-income countries to estimate seven infant and young child feeding indicators in up to 113 countries. Multilevel linear models were used in pooled analyses to estimate annual changes in feeding practices from 2000 to 2019 for country income groups and world regions.
For the absolute average annual changes, we found significant gains in any breastfeeding at age 6 months in high-income countries (1·29 percentage points [PPs] per year [95% CI 1·12 to 1·45]; p<0·0001) and at age 1 year in high-income countries (1·14 PPs per year [0·99 to 1·28]; p<0·0001) and upper-middle-income countries (0·53 PPs per year [0·23 to 0·82]; p<0·0001). We also found a small reduction in low-income countries for any breastfeeding at age 6 months (−0·07 PPs per year [–0·11 to −0·03]; p<0·0001) and age 1 year (−0·13 PPs per year [–0·18 to −0·09]; p<0·0001). Data on exclusive breastfeeding and consumption of formula and animal milk were only available for low-income and middle-income countries, where exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life increased by 0·70 PPs per year (0·51–0·88; p<0·0001) to reach 48·6% (41·9–55·2) in 2019. Exclusive breastfeeding increased in all world regions except for the Middle East and north Africa. Formula consumption in the first 6 months of life increased in upper-middle-income countries and in east Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and north Africa, and eastern Europe and central Asia, whereas the rates remained below 8% in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Animal milk consumption by children younger than 6 months decreased significantly (−0·41 PPs per year [–0·51 to −0·31]; p<0·0001) in low-income and middle-income countries.
We found some increases in exclusive and any breastfeeding at age 6 months in various regions and income groups, while formula consumption increased in upper-middle-income countries. To achieve the global target of 70% exclusive breastfeeding by 2030, however, rates of improvement will need to be accelerated.
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, through WHO.]]></abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>34245677</pmid><doi>10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00163-2</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4197-8289</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0802-2349</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-6645</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2880-767X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5284-2654</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2180</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1200-4725</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-2745</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | The lancet child & adolescent health, 2021-09, Vol.5 (9), p.619-630 |
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| subjects | Animals Breast Feeding - methods Breast Feeding - statistics & numerical data Breast Feeding - trends Cross-Sectional Studies Feeding Behavior - physiology Feeding Methods - trends Female Global Health - statistics & numerical data Global Health - trends Humans Infant Infant Formula - standards Infant Formula - statistics & numerical data Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Male Milk - physiology Milk - standards Milk - statistics & numerical data Milk, Human - physiology Socioeconomic Factors |
| title | Rates and time trends in the consumption of breastmilk, formula, and animal milk by children younger than 2 years from 2000 to 2019: analysis of 113 countries |
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