The effect of training on variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with Down syndrome
People with Down syndrome (DS) have higher variability in their motor skills compared to other counterparts without intellectual disability. Given that the effect of physical training on the variability and accuracy is unclear, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nine sessions of...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of developmental disabilities 2021, Vol.67 (4), p.237-244 |
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| container_title | International journal of developmental disabilities |
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| creator | Noghondar, Narges Vali Sohrabi, Mehdi Taheri, Hamid Reza Kobravi, Hamid Reza Khodashenas, Ezzat |
| description | People with Down syndrome (DS) have higher variability in their motor skills compared to other counterparts without intellectual disability. Given that the effect of physical training on the variability and accuracy is unclear, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nine sessions of overhand throwing training on the variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.
Twenty-seven children with DS randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the pretest, two groups threw the tennis ball three times to the fixed target. Absolute error (AE) and the normalized root mean square (NoRMS) of segmental couplings of shoulder-elbow (NoRMS 1) and elbow-wrist (NoRMS 2) calculated from the scores of throwing and kinematics data, respectively. Then the experimental group participated in overhand throwing training for nine sessions. After that, the post-test was taken and ten days later, the retention test performed with pretest conditions.
The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on AE values showed the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases was more accurate than the control group. Also, AE values of the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases were significantly lower than the pretest. The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that NoRMS 1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in the post-test and retention phases.
It seems the overhand throwing training can reduce the variability and increase the accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/20473869.2019.1574388 |
| format | Article |
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Twenty-seven children with DS randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the pretest, two groups threw the tennis ball three times to the fixed target. Absolute error (AE) and the normalized root mean square (NoRMS) of segmental couplings of shoulder-elbow (NoRMS 1) and elbow-wrist (NoRMS 2) calculated from the scores of throwing and kinematics data, respectively. Then the experimental group participated in overhand throwing training for nine sessions. After that, the post-test was taken and ten days later, the retention test performed with pretest conditions.
The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on AE values showed the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases was more accurate than the control group. Also, AE values of the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases were significantly lower than the pretest. The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that NoRMS 1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in the post-test and retention phases.
It seems the overhand throwing training can reduce the variability and increase the accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2047-3869</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2047-3877</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2019.1574388</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34408858</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Leeds: Taylor & Francis</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Balls ; Children ; Down Syndrome ; Early Adolescents ; Foreign Countries ; Intellectual disabilities ; Kinematics ; Motor ability ; normalized root mean square ; Original ; overhand throwing training ; Program Effectiveness ; Psychomotor Skills ; Retention ; Skill Development ; Special Schools ; Tennis ; Training ; Variability</subject><ispartof>International journal of developmental disabilities, 2021, Vol.67 (4), p.237-244</ispartof><rights>2019 The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2019</rights><rights>Copyright Maney Publishing, Hudson Road 2021</rights><rights>2019 The British Society of Developmental Disabilities 2019 The British Society of Developmental Disabilities</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c495t-2ee3fe92a8dd89cd137005443ade41e77946a42963b4207035dee2011f7741003</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c495t-2ee3fe92a8dd89cd137005443ade41e77946a42963b4207035dee2011f7741003</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7365-5214 ; 0000-0002-5161-1990 ; 0000-0002-8535-5307 ; 0000-0001-7976-3657 ; 0000-0002-4820-3486</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366628/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8366628/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,4023,27922,27923,27924,30998,53790,53792</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ1310021$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Noghondar, Narges Vali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sohrabi, Mehdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taheri, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kobravi, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khodashenas, Ezzat</creatorcontrib><title>The effect of training on variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with Down syndrome</title><title>International journal of developmental disabilities</title><description>People with Down syndrome (DS) have higher variability in their motor skills compared to other counterparts without intellectual disability. Given that the effect of physical training on the variability and accuracy is unclear, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nine sessions of overhand throwing training on the variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.
Twenty-seven children with DS randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the pretest, two groups threw the tennis ball three times to the fixed target. Absolute error (AE) and the normalized root mean square (NoRMS) of segmental couplings of shoulder-elbow (NoRMS 1) and elbow-wrist (NoRMS 2) calculated from the scores of throwing and kinematics data, respectively. Then the experimental group participated in overhand throwing training for nine sessions. After that, the post-test was taken and ten days later, the retention test performed with pretest conditions.
The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on AE values showed the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases was more accurate than the control group. Also, AE values of the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases were significantly lower than the pretest. The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that NoRMS 1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in the post-test and retention phases.
It seems the overhand throwing training can reduce the variability and increase the accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Balls</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Down Syndrome</subject><subject>Early Adolescents</subject><subject>Foreign Countries</subject><subject>Intellectual disabilities</subject><subject>Kinematics</subject><subject>Motor ability</subject><subject>normalized root mean square</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>overhand throwing training</subject><subject>Program Effectiveness</subject><subject>Psychomotor Skills</subject><subject>Retention</subject><subject>Skill Development</subject><subject>Special Schools</subject><subject>Tennis</subject><subject>Training</subject><subject>Variability</subject><issn>2047-3869</issn><issn>2047-3877</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtv1DAUhSMEolXpT6hkiQ2bmfr92CBQKQVUiU1ZWx77pnGV2MXJzCj_HocZRoIF3ti69zvHvj5Nc0XwmmCNrynmimlp1hQTsyZCcab1i-Z8qa-YVurl6SzNWXM5jk-4LimYVOZ1c8Y4x1oLfd60Dx0gaFvwE8otmoqLKaZHlBPauRLdJvZxmpFLATnvt8X5eeHyDkq3FKeu5P0iiAn5LvahQEL7OHXoU94nNM4plDzAm-ZV6_oRLo_7RfPj8-3DzZfV_fe7rzcf71eeGzGtKABrwVCnQ9DGB8IUxoJz5gJwAkoZLh2nRrINp1hhJgJA_QPSKsUJxuyieX_wfd5uBggeUp2ot88lDq7MNrto_-6k2NnHvLOaSSmprgbvjgYl_9zCONkhjh763iXI29FSUSlqhBEVffsP-pS3JdXxflNUciJIpcSB8iWPY4H29BiC7RKm_ROmXcK0xzCr7uqggxL9SXP7jbA6J118Pxz6MbW5DG6fSx_s5OY-l7a45ONo2f-v-AV7n637</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Noghondar, Narges Vali</creator><creator>Sohrabi, Mehdi</creator><creator>Taheri, Hamid Reza</creator><creator>Kobravi, Hamid Reza</creator><creator>Khodashenas, Ezzat</creator><general>Taylor & Francis</general><general>Maney Publishing, Hudson Road</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-5214</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-1990</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-5307</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7976-3657</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-3486</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>The effect of training on variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with Down syndrome</title><author>Noghondar, Narges Vali ; Sohrabi, Mehdi ; Taheri, Hamid Reza ; Kobravi, Hamid Reza ; Khodashenas, Ezzat</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c495t-2ee3fe92a8dd89cd137005443ade41e77946a42963b4207035dee2011f7741003</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Balls</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Down Syndrome</topic><topic>Early Adolescents</topic><topic>Foreign Countries</topic><topic>Intellectual disabilities</topic><topic>Kinematics</topic><topic>Motor ability</topic><topic>normalized root mean square</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>overhand throwing training</topic><topic>Program Effectiveness</topic><topic>Psychomotor Skills</topic><topic>Retention</topic><topic>Skill Development</topic><topic>Special Schools</topic><topic>Tennis</topic><topic>Training</topic><topic>Variability</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Noghondar, Narges Vali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sohrabi, Mehdi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taheri, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kobravi, Hamid Reza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khodashenas, Ezzat</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of developmental disabilities</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Noghondar, Narges Vali</au><au>Sohrabi, Mehdi</au><au>Taheri, Hamid Reza</au><au>Kobravi, Hamid Reza</au><au>Khodashenas, Ezzat</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><ericid>EJ1310021</ericid><atitle>The effect of training on variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with Down syndrome</atitle><jtitle>International journal of developmental disabilities</jtitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>67</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>237</spage><epage>244</epage><pages>237-244</pages><issn>2047-3869</issn><eissn>2047-3877</eissn><abstract>People with Down syndrome (DS) have higher variability in their motor skills compared to other counterparts without intellectual disability. Given that the effect of physical training on the variability and accuracy is unclear, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of nine sessions of overhand throwing training on the variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.
Twenty-seven children with DS randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the pretest, two groups threw the tennis ball three times to the fixed target. Absolute error (AE) and the normalized root mean square (NoRMS) of segmental couplings of shoulder-elbow (NoRMS 1) and elbow-wrist (NoRMS 2) calculated from the scores of throwing and kinematics data, respectively. Then the experimental group participated in overhand throwing training for nine sessions. After that, the post-test was taken and ten days later, the retention test performed with pretest conditions.
The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on AE values showed the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases was more accurate than the control group. Also, AE values of the experimental group in the post-test and retention phases were significantly lower than the pretest. The results of two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that NoRMS 1 in the experimental group was significantly lower than control group in the post-test and retention phases.
It seems the overhand throwing training can reduce the variability and increase the accuracy of overhand throwing in children with DS.</abstract><cop>Leeds</cop><pub>Taylor & Francis</pub><pmid>34408858</pmid><doi>10.1080/20473869.2019.1574388</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-5214</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5161-1990</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8535-5307</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7976-3657</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4820-3486</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 2047-3869 |
| ispartof | International journal of developmental disabilities, 2021, Vol.67 (4), p.237-244 |
| issn | 2047-3869 2047-3877 |
| language | eng |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Accuracy Balls Children Down Syndrome Early Adolescents Foreign Countries Intellectual disabilities Kinematics Motor ability normalized root mean square Original overhand throwing training Program Effectiveness Psychomotor Skills Retention Skill Development Special Schools Tennis Training Variability |
| title | The effect of training on variability and accuracy of overhand throwing in children with Down syndrome |
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