University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods

UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of >6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We ai...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Epidemiology and infection 2021, Vol.149, Article e169
Hauptverfasser: Trickey, Adam, Nixon, Emily, Christensen, Hannah, Finn, Adam, Thomas, Amy, Relton, Caroline, Montgomery, Clara, Hemani, Gibran, Metz, Jane, Walker, Josephine G., Turner, Katy, Kwiatkowska, Rachel, Sauchelli, Sarah, Danon, Leon, Brooks-Pollock, Ellen
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page
container_issue
container_start_page
container_title Epidemiology and infection
container_volume 149
creator Trickey, Adam
Nixon, Emily
Christensen, Hannah
Finn, Adam
Thomas, Amy
Relton, Caroline
Montgomery, Clara
Hemani, Gibran
Metz, Jane
Walker, Josephine G.
Turner, Katy
Kwiatkowska, Rachel
Sauchelli, Sarah
Danon, Leon
Brooks-Pollock, Ellen
description UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of >6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.
doi_str_mv 10.1017/S0950268821001618
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8365047</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><cupid>10_1017_S0950268821001618</cupid><sourcerecordid>2559904674</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c394t-f0f70b870d0246a3831867152bf3282ea7209885ce60c3a60decd9aa6bdbec693</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kU9r4zAQxcXSwqbtfoC9CXr2diTbsnQpLNk_DQRyaLNXIUtyVsGWspKdkm9fhYQupfQghOa995sRg9BXAt8IkObuEUQNlHFOCQBhhH9CM1IxUVQViAs0O8rFUf-MrlLaAoCgvJmhuPZub2Ny4wGncTLWjwkrb_JDdR1WbW_xGPCgnB_zwX14xka5_oB1yBU9Yj8NbQZgM0XnN3ivogtTwvPVn8WPggi8mZyxvfMW72yWTLpBl53qk_1yvq_R-tfPp_lDsVz9Xsy_LwtdimosOugaaHkDBmjFVMlLwllDatp2JeXUqoaC4LzWloEuFQNjtRFKsda0VjNRXqP7E3c3tYM1On8tql7uohtUPMignHyrePdXbsJe8pLVUDUZcHsGxPBvsmmU2zBFn2eWtK6FgIo1VXaRk0vHkFK03WsHAvK4G_luNzlTnjNqaKMzG_sf_XHqBaD4kxc</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2559904674</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods</title><source>Cambridge University Press Wholly Gold Open Access Journals</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Trickey, Adam ; Nixon, Emily ; Christensen, Hannah ; Finn, Adam ; Thomas, Amy ; Relton, Caroline ; Montgomery, Clara ; Hemani, Gibran ; Metz, Jane ; Walker, Josephine G. ; Turner, Katy ; Kwiatkowska, Rachel ; Sauchelli, Sarah ; Danon, Leon ; Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</creator><creatorcontrib>Trickey, Adam ; Nixon, Emily ; Christensen, Hannah ; Finn, Adam ; Thomas, Amy ; Relton, Caroline ; Montgomery, Clara ; Hemani, Gibran ; Metz, Jane ; Walker, Josephine G. ; Turner, Katy ; Kwiatkowska, Rachel ; Sauchelli, Sarah ; Danon, Leon ; Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</creatorcontrib><description>UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of &gt;6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0950-2688</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1469-4409</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0950268821001618</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Colleges &amp; universities ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Disease control ; Disease transmission ; Epidemics ; Households ; Online instruction ; Original Paper ; Pandemics ; Polls &amp; surveys ; Public transportation ; Questionnaires ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Students ; University students ; Viral diseases</subject><ispartof>Epidemiology and infection, 2021, Vol.149, Article e169</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press</rights><rights>Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021 2021 The Author(s)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c394t-f0f70b870d0246a3831867152bf3282ea7209885ce60c3a60decd9aa6bdbec693</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3462-2898</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8365047/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0950268821001618/type/journal_article$$EHTML$$P50$$Gcambridge$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,864,885,4024,23318,27923,27924,27925,53791,53793,55804</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Trickey, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nixon, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Hannah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Finn, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Amy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Relton, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montgomery, Clara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemani, Gibran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Metz, Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walker, Josephine G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Katy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwiatkowska, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sauchelli, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Danon, Leon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</creatorcontrib><title>University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods</title><title>Epidemiology and infection</title><addtitle>Epidemiol. Infect</addtitle><description>UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of &gt;6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.</description><subject>Colleges &amp; universities</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Households</subject><subject>Online instruction</subject><subject>Original Paper</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Polls &amp; surveys</subject><subject>Public transportation</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Students</subject><subject>University students</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><issn>0950-2688</issn><issn>1469-4409</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>IKXGN</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kU9r4zAQxcXSwqbtfoC9CXr2diTbsnQpLNk_DQRyaLNXIUtyVsGWspKdkm9fhYQupfQghOa995sRg9BXAt8IkObuEUQNlHFOCQBhhH9CM1IxUVQViAs0O8rFUf-MrlLaAoCgvJmhuPZub2Ny4wGncTLWjwkrb_JDdR1WbW_xGPCgnB_zwX14xka5_oB1yBU9Yj8NbQZgM0XnN3ivogtTwvPVn8WPggi8mZyxvfMW72yWTLpBl53qk_1yvq_R-tfPp_lDsVz9Xsy_LwtdimosOugaaHkDBmjFVMlLwllDatp2JeXUqoaC4LzWloEuFQNjtRFKsda0VjNRXqP7E3c3tYM1On8tql7uohtUPMignHyrePdXbsJe8pLVUDUZcHsGxPBvsmmU2zBFn2eWtK6FgIo1VXaRk0vHkFK03WsHAvK4G_luNzlTnjNqaKMzG_sf_XHqBaD4kxc</recordid><startdate>2021</startdate><enddate>2021</enddate><creator>Trickey, Adam</creator><creator>Nixon, Emily</creator><creator>Christensen, Hannah</creator><creator>Finn, Adam</creator><creator>Thomas, Amy</creator><creator>Relton, Caroline</creator><creator>Montgomery, Clara</creator><creator>Hemani, Gibran</creator><creator>Metz, Jane</creator><creator>Walker, Josephine G.</creator><creator>Turner, Katy</creator><creator>Kwiatkowska, Rachel</creator><creator>Sauchelli, Sarah</creator><creator>Danon, Leon</creator><creator>Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>IKXGN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-2898</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>2021</creationdate><title>University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods</title><author>Trickey, Adam ; Nixon, Emily ; Christensen, Hannah ; Finn, Adam ; Thomas, Amy ; Relton, Caroline ; Montgomery, Clara ; Hemani, Gibran ; Metz, Jane ; Walker, Josephine G. ; Turner, Katy ; Kwiatkowska, Rachel ; Sauchelli, Sarah ; Danon, Leon ; Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c394t-f0f70b870d0246a3831867152bf3282ea7209885ce60c3a60decd9aa6bdbec693</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Colleges &amp; universities</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Households</topic><topic>Online instruction</topic><topic>Original Paper</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Polls &amp; surveys</topic><topic>Public transportation</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Students</topic><topic>University students</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Trickey, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nixon, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Christensen, Hannah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Finn, Adam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thomas, Amy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Relton, Caroline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Montgomery, Clara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hemani, Gibran</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Metz, Jane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walker, Josephine G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Katy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwiatkowska, Rachel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sauchelli, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Danon, Leon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</creatorcontrib><collection>Cambridge University Press Wholly Gold Open Access Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Epidemiology and infection</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Trickey, Adam</au><au>Nixon, Emily</au><au>Christensen, Hannah</au><au>Finn, Adam</au><au>Thomas, Amy</au><au>Relton, Caroline</au><au>Montgomery, Clara</au><au>Hemani, Gibran</au><au>Metz, Jane</au><au>Walker, Josephine G.</au><au>Turner, Katy</au><au>Kwiatkowska, Rachel</au><au>Sauchelli, Sarah</au><au>Danon, Leon</au><au>Brooks-Pollock, Ellen</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods</atitle><jtitle>Epidemiology and infection</jtitle><addtitle>Epidemiol. Infect</addtitle><date>2021</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>149</volume><artnum>e169</artnum><issn>0950-2688</issn><eissn>1469-4409</eissn><abstract>UK universities re-opened in September 2020, amidst the coronavirus epidemic. During the first term, various national social distancing measures were introduced, including banning groups of &gt;6 people and the second lockdown in November; however, outbreaks among university students occurred. We aimed to measure the University of Bristol staff and student contact patterns via an online, longitudinal survey capturing self-reported contacts on the previous day. We investigated the change in contacts associated with COVID-19 guidance periods: post-first lockdown (23/06/2020–03/07/2020), relaxed guidance period (04/07/2020–13/09/2020), ‘rule-of-six’ period (14/09/2020–04/11/2020) and the second lockdown (05/11/2020–25/11/2020). In total, 722 staff (4199 responses) and 738 students (1906 responses) were included in the study. For staff, daily contacts were higher in the relaxed guidance and ‘rule-of-six’ periods than the post-first lockdown and second lockdown. Mean student contacts dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ and second lockdown periods. For both staff and students, the proportion meeting with groups larger than six dropped between the ‘rule-of-six’ period and the second lockdown period, although was higher for students than for staff. Our results suggest university staff and students responded to national guidance by altering their social contacts. Most contacts during the second lockdown were household contacts. The response in staff and students was similar, suggesting that students can adhere to social distancing guidance while at university. The number of contacts recorded for both staff and students were much lower than those recorded by previous surveys in the UK conducted before the COVID-19 pandemic.</abstract><cop>Cambridge, UK</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><doi>10.1017/S0950268821001618</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-2898</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0950-2688
ispartof Epidemiology and infection, 2021, Vol.149, Article e169
issn 0950-2688
1469-4409
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8365047
source Cambridge University Press Wholly Gold Open Access Journals; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central
subjects Colleges & universities
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
Disease control
Disease transmission
Epidemics
Households
Online instruction
Original Paper
Pandemics
Polls & surveys
Public transportation
Questionnaires
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Students
University students
Viral diseases
title University students and staff able to maintain low daily contact numbers during various COVID-19 guideline periods
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-25T00%3A46%3A42IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=University%20students%20and%20staff%20able%20to%20maintain%20low%20daily%20contact%20numbers%20during%20various%20COVID-19%20guideline%20periods&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology%20and%20infection&rft.au=Trickey,%20Adam&rft.date=2021&rft.volume=149&rft.artnum=e169&rft.issn=0950-2688&rft.eissn=1469-4409&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/S0950268821001618&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2559904674%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2559904674&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_cupid=10_1017_S0950268821001618&rfr_iscdi=true