Aronia melanocarpa Ameliorates Adrenal Cytoarchitecture Against the Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Injury

Hexavalent chromium is a toxin that penetrates the cell, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Aronia melanocarpa , due to its proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acid contents, is a valuable antioxidant. The aim was to observe the influence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on...

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Veröffentlicht in:Biological trace element research 2021-08, Vol.199 (8), p.2936-2944
Hauptverfasser: Savici, Jelena, Cristina, Romeo Teodor, Brezovan, Diana, Radulov, Isidora, Balta, Cornel, Boldura, Oana Maria, Muselin, Florin
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container_issue 8
container_start_page 2936
container_title Biological trace element research
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creator Savici, Jelena
Cristina, Romeo Teodor
Brezovan, Diana
Radulov, Isidora
Balta, Cornel
Boldura, Oana Maria
Muselin, Florin
description Hexavalent chromium is a toxin that penetrates the cell, triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Aronia melanocarpa , due to its proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acid contents, is a valuable antioxidant. The aim was to observe the influence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adrenal gland, and if this impact can be recovered by the administration of A. melanocarpa. Accordingly, 36 rats were divided into six groups: control; Aronia ; Cr receiving Cr(VI) in distilled water for 3 months; CrA receiving a mix of Cr(VI) and A. melanocarpa at 2.5% aqueous extract for 3 months; Cr2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, and next, for 1 month, only distilled water; and respectively, CrA2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, followed by 1 month of Aronia at 2.5% extract administration. The adrenal gland samples were examined toward histological and molecular assessment, and results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA). Hexavalent chromium induced changes in the adrenal cortex expressed by focal or diffuse hypertrophies, cytoplasmic vacuolization (due to lipidic accumulation), and cells’ shape and size alteration, including necrosis. These structural alterations were carried by Bax and Bcl2 gene expression: the Bax gene expression levels, increased significantly ( p < 0.001) in all experimental groups, except the Aronia group, compared with control. In the Cr2 , CrA , and CrA2 groups, notable reduction of Bax gene expression ( p < 0.001) was reported compared with the Cr group. Regarding the Bcl2 gene expression ( p < 0.001), a significant increase was observed in the experimental groups, compared with the control. The Bcl2 expression level had a similar pattern to Bax gene, consequently trying to compensate its overexpression. Aronia administered concomitantly, or after Cr(VI), diminished structural changes and expression of the studied genes, thus reducing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and suggesting that the active ingredients from Aronia are capable of blocking apoptotic cascade induced by the pathway of Bax and Bcl2 proteins.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s12011-020-02401-7
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Aronia melanocarpa , due to its proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acid contents, is a valuable antioxidant. The aim was to observe the influence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adrenal gland, and if this impact can be recovered by the administration of A. melanocarpa. Accordingly, 36 rats were divided into six groups: control; Aronia ; Cr receiving Cr(VI) in distilled water for 3 months; CrA receiving a mix of Cr(VI) and A. melanocarpa at 2.5% aqueous extract for 3 months; Cr2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, and next, for 1 month, only distilled water; and respectively, CrA2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, followed by 1 month of Aronia at 2.5% extract administration. The adrenal gland samples were examined toward histological and molecular assessment, and results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA). Hexavalent chromium induced changes in the adrenal cortex expressed by focal or diffuse hypertrophies, cytoplasmic vacuolization (due to lipidic accumulation), and cells’ shape and size alteration, including necrosis. These structural alterations were carried by Bax and Bcl2 gene expression: the Bax gene expression levels, increased significantly ( p &lt; 0.001) in all experimental groups, except the Aronia group, compared with control. In the Cr2 , CrA , and CrA2 groups, notable reduction of Bax gene expression ( p &lt; 0.001) was reported compared with the Cr group. Regarding the Bcl2 gene expression ( p &lt; 0.001), a significant increase was observed in the experimental groups, compared with the control. The Bcl2 expression level had a similar pattern to Bax gene, consequently trying to compensate its overexpression. Aronia administered concomitantly, or after Cr(VI), diminished structural changes and expression of the studied genes, thus reducing the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and suggesting that the active ingredients from Aronia are capable of blocking apoptotic cascade induced by the pathway of Bax and Bcl2 proteins.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0163-4984</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1559-0720</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02401-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33001412</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Adrenal cortex ; Adrenal glands ; Animals ; Anthocyanins ; Antioxidants ; Apoptosis ; Aronia melanocarpa ; BAX gene ; Biochemistry ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biotechnology ; Brain architecture ; Cell size ; Chromium ; Chromium - toxicity ; Control ; Distilled water ; Gene expression ; Hexavalent chromium ; Life Sciences ; Necrosis ; Nutrition ; Oncology ; Phenolic acids ; Phenols ; Photinia ; Proanthocyanidins ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Receiving waters ; Statistical methods ; Toxins ; Variance analysis</subject><ispartof>Biological trace element research, 2021-08, Vol.199 (8), p.2936-2944</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. 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Aronia melanocarpa , due to its proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and phenolic acid contents, is a valuable antioxidant. The aim was to observe the influence of hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) on the adrenal gland, and if this impact can be recovered by the administration of A. melanocarpa. Accordingly, 36 rats were divided into six groups: control; Aronia ; Cr receiving Cr(VI) in distilled water for 3 months; CrA receiving a mix of Cr(VI) and A. melanocarpa at 2.5% aqueous extract for 3 months; Cr2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, and next, for 1 month, only distilled water; and respectively, CrA2 receiving, for 3 months, Cr(VI) in distilled water, followed by 1 month of Aronia at 2.5% extract administration. The adrenal gland samples were examined toward histological and molecular assessment, and results were statistically analyzed (ANOVA). Hexavalent chromium induced changes in the adrenal cortex expressed by focal or diffuse hypertrophies, cytoplasmic vacuolization (due to lipidic accumulation), and cells’ shape and size alteration, including necrosis. These structural alterations were carried by Bax and Bcl2 gene expression: the Bax gene expression levels, increased significantly ( p &lt; 0.001) in all experimental groups, except the Aronia group, compared with control. In the Cr2 , CrA , and CrA2 groups, notable reduction of Bax gene expression ( p &lt; 0.001) was reported compared with the Cr group. Regarding the Bcl2 gene expression ( p &lt; 0.001), a significant increase was observed in the experimental groups, compared with the control. The Bcl2 expression level had a similar pattern to Bax gene, consequently trying to compensate its overexpression. 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subjects Adrenal cortex
Adrenal glands
Animals
Anthocyanins
Antioxidants
Apoptosis
Aronia melanocarpa
BAX gene
Biochemistry
Biomedical and Life Sciences
Biotechnology
Brain architecture
Cell size
Chromium
Chromium - toxicity
Control
Distilled water
Gene expression
Hexavalent chromium
Life Sciences
Necrosis
Nutrition
Oncology
Phenolic acids
Phenols
Photinia
Proanthocyanidins
Rats
Reactive Oxygen Species
Receiving waters
Statistical methods
Toxins
Variance analysis
title Aronia melanocarpa Ameliorates Adrenal Cytoarchitecture Against the Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Injury
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