Nitrate- and Nitrite-Sensing Histidine Kinases: Function, Structure, and Natural Diversity

Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria may utilize nitrates and nitrites as electron acceptors. Sensitivity to nitrous compounds is achieved via several mechanisms, some of which rely on sensor histidine kinases (HKs). The best studied nitrate- and nitrite-sensing HKs (NSHKs) are NarQ and NarX from Es...

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Veröffentlicht in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-05, Vol.22 (11), p.5933
Hauptverfasser: Gushchin, Ivan, Aleksenko, Vladimir A., Orekhov, Philipp, Goncharov, Ivan M., Nazarenko, Vera V., Semenov, Oleg, Remeeva, Alina, Gordeliy, Valentin
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container_issue 11
container_start_page 5933
container_title International journal of molecular sciences
container_volume 22
creator Gushchin, Ivan
Aleksenko, Vladimir A.
Orekhov, Philipp
Goncharov, Ivan M.
Nazarenko, Vera V.
Semenov, Oleg
Remeeva, Alina
Gordeliy, Valentin
description Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria may utilize nitrates and nitrites as electron acceptors. Sensitivity to nitrous compounds is achieved via several mechanisms, some of which rely on sensor histidine kinases (HKs). The best studied nitrate- and nitrite-sensing HKs (NSHKs) are NarQ and NarX from Escherichia coli. Here, we review the function of NSHKs, analyze their natural diversity, and describe the available structural information. In particular, we show that around 6000 different NSHK sequences forming several distinct clusters may now be found in genomic databases, comprising mostly the genes from Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria as well as from Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi, including those from anaerobic ammonia oxidation (annamox) communities. We show that the architecture of NSHKs is mostly conserved, although proteins from Bacteroidetes lack the HAMP and GAF-like domains yet sometimes have PAS. We reconcile the variation of NSHK sequences with atomistic models and pinpoint the structural elements important for signal transduction from the sensor domain to the catalytic module over the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions spanning more than 200 Å.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/ijms22115933
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title Nitrate- and Nitrite-Sensing Histidine Kinases: Function, Structure, and Natural Diversity
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