Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada

Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct spec...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Conservation biology 2021-02, Vol.35 (1), p.360-368
Hauptverfasser: Knapp, Wesley M., Frances, Anne, Noss, Reed, Naczi, Robert F. C., Weakley, Alan, Gann, George D., Baldwin, Bruce G., Miller, James, McIntyre, Patrick, Mishler, Brent D., Moore, Gerry, Olmstead, Richard G., Strong, Anna, Kennedy, Kathryn, Heidel, Bonnie, Gluesenkamp, Daniel
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 368
container_issue 1
container_start_page 360
container_title Conservation biology
container_volume 35
creator Knapp, Wesley M.
Frances, Anne
Noss, Reed
Naczi, Robert F. C.
Weakley, Alan
Gann, George D.
Baldwin, Bruce G.
Miller, James
McIntyre, Patrick
Mishler, Brent D.
Moore, Gerry
Olmstead, Richard G.
Strong, Anna
Kennedy, Kathryn
Heidel, Bonnie
Gluesenkamp, Daniel
description Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, searching the literature, and vetting the resulting list with botanical experts. Because taxonomic opinion varies widely, we developed an index of taxonomic uncertainty (ITU). The ITU ranges from A to F, with A indicating unanimous taxonomic recognition and F indicating taxonomic recognition by only a single author. The ITU allowed us to rigorously evaluate extinction rates. Our data suggest that 51 species and 14 infraspecific taxa, representing 33 families and 49 genera of vascular plants, have become extinct in our study area since European settlement. Seven of these taxa exist in cultivation but are extinct in the wild. Most extinctions occurred in the west, but this outcome may reflect the timing of botanical exploration relative to settlement. Sixty‐four percent of extinct plants were single‐site endemics, and many occurred outside recognized biodiversity hotspots. Given the paucity of plant surveys in many areas, particularly prior to European settlement, the actual extinction rate of vascular plants is undoubtedly much higher than indicated here. Extinción de las Plantas Vasculares en Canadá y los Estados Unidos Continentales Resumen Se espera que las tasas de extinción aumenten durante el Antropoceno. Todavía desconocemos las tasas de extinción actuales de las plantas y muchos animales. Cuantificamos las tasas de extinción de la flora vascular de los Estados Unidos Continentales y Canadá a partir del asentamiento de los europeos. Recopilamos datos sobre especies aparentemente extintas mediante la consulta de bases de datos sobre conservación, búsquedas en la literatura y el escrutinio de la lista resultante con botánicos expertos. Ya que la opinión taxonómica varía ampliamente, desarrollamos un índice de incertidumbre taxonómica (ITU). La ITU abarca desde la A hasta la F, en donde la A indica un reconocimiento taxonómico unánime y la F indica el reconocimiento taxonómico por un sólo autor. La ITU nos permitió evaluar rigurosamente las tasas de extinción. Nuestros datos sugieren que 51 especies y 14 taxones infraespecíficos, que en conjunto representan a 33 familias y a 49 géneros de plantas vasculares, se ha
doi_str_mv 10.1111/cobi.13621
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8151872</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2438680055</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4481-8bec38ec12c219b8f672edd2bb8578a32c523d8d43680b33e328e2a53eee94e73</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc1qGzEUhUVoiN20mzxAEXQTCpPoZ37ubALNkDYBQxapuxUazXUsM5ackaZt3r5ynZg0i2gj0P34dC6HkBPOzng658a39ozLUvADMuWFkBmvZP2OTBkAZAC1mJD3IawYY3XB8yMykQJKJspySq5-6mDGXg9002sXKf6J1plovaPW0bhEarxLT-ii7unc2YgdvYs6YqDadbTRTnf6Azlc6D7gx6f7mMy_Xf1orrPZ7feb5ussM3kOPIMWjQQ0XBjB6xYWZSWw60TbQlGBlsKk8B10uSyBtVJiyolCFxIR6xwreUwudt7N2K6xMynVoHu1GexaD4_Ka6v-nzi7VPf-lwJecKhEEpw-CQb_MGKIam2DwT7tjn4MSuQS0t-sKBL6-RW68uPg0nqJqkXFKlZshV92lBl8CAMu9mE4U9t21LYd9a-dBH96GX-PPteRAL4DftseH99Qqeb28mYn_QssTZoq</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2492707052</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library All Journals</source><creator>Knapp, Wesley M. ; Frances, Anne ; Noss, Reed ; Naczi, Robert F. C. ; Weakley, Alan ; Gann, George D. ; Baldwin, Bruce G. ; Miller, James ; McIntyre, Patrick ; Mishler, Brent D. ; Moore, Gerry ; Olmstead, Richard G. ; Strong, Anna ; Kennedy, Kathryn ; Heidel, Bonnie ; Gluesenkamp, Daniel</creator><creatorcontrib>Knapp, Wesley M. ; Frances, Anne ; Noss, Reed ; Naczi, Robert F. C. ; Weakley, Alan ; Gann, George D. ; Baldwin, Bruce G. ; Miller, James ; McIntyre, Patrick ; Mishler, Brent D. ; Moore, Gerry ; Olmstead, Richard G. ; Strong, Anna ; Kennedy, Kathryn ; Heidel, Bonnie ; Gluesenkamp, Daniel</creatorcontrib><description>Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, searching the literature, and vetting the resulting list with botanical experts. Because taxonomic opinion varies widely, we developed an index of taxonomic uncertainty (ITU). The ITU ranges from A to F, with A indicating unanimous taxonomic recognition and F indicating taxonomic recognition by only a single author. The ITU allowed us to rigorously evaluate extinction rates. Our data suggest that 51 species and 14 infraspecific taxa, representing 33 families and 49 genera of vascular plants, have become extinct in our study area since European settlement. Seven of these taxa exist in cultivation but are extinct in the wild. Most extinctions occurred in the west, but this outcome may reflect the timing of botanical exploration relative to settlement. Sixty‐four percent of extinct plants were single‐site endemics, and many occurred outside recognized biodiversity hotspots. Given the paucity of plant surveys in many areas, particularly prior to European settlement, the actual extinction rate of vascular plants is undoubtedly much higher than indicated here. Extinción de las Plantas Vasculares en Canadá y los Estados Unidos Continentales Resumen Se espera que las tasas de extinción aumenten durante el Antropoceno. Todavía desconocemos las tasas de extinción actuales de las plantas y muchos animales. Cuantificamos las tasas de extinción de la flora vascular de los Estados Unidos Continentales y Canadá a partir del asentamiento de los europeos. Recopilamos datos sobre especies aparentemente extintas mediante la consulta de bases de datos sobre conservación, búsquedas en la literatura y el escrutinio de la lista resultante con botánicos expertos. Ya que la opinión taxonómica varía ampliamente, desarrollamos un índice de incertidumbre taxonómica (ITU). La ITU abarca desde la A hasta la F, en donde la A indica un reconocimiento taxonómico unánime y la F indica el reconocimiento taxonómico por un sólo autor. La ITU nos permitió evaluar rigurosamente las tasas de extinción. Nuestros datos sugieren que 51 especies y 14 taxones infraespecíficos, que en conjunto representan a 33 familias y a 49 géneros de plantas vasculares, se han extinguido en nuestra área de estudio desde el asentamiento de los europeos. Siete de estos taxones existen en cultivos, pero se encuentran extintos en vida libre. La mayoría de las extinciones ocurrieron en la parte oeste del área de estudio, aunque este resultado puede reflejar el momento de la exploración botánica en relación con el asentamiento europeo. El 64% de las plantas extintas eran endémicas de un sitio único y muchas tuvieron presencia fuera de los puntos calientes de biodiversidad. Dada la escasez de los censos botánicos en muchas áreas, particularmente previo al asentamiento europeo, la tasa actual de extinción de las plantas vasculares es sin duda mucho más alta de lo que se indica en este estudio. Article impact statement: The number of presumed extinct plants from the continental United States and Canada is much greater than previously recognized.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0888-8892</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1523-1739</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13621</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32860266</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Animals ; Anthropocene ; Biodiversity ; Biodiversity hot spots ; Biological settlement ; Canada ; conservación ; conservation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Cultivation ; Endangered &amp; extinct species ; endemismos de sitio único ; Extinct plants ; Extinct species ; Extinction ; extinction rate ; Extinction, Biological ; Flora ; Flowers &amp; plants ; Genera ; Plants ; rareza ; rarity ; Recognition ; Research Note ; single‐site endemics ; Species extinction ; Surveys ; tasa de extinción ; Taxa ; Taxonomy ; taxonomía ; United States ; Wildlife conservation</subject><ispartof>Conservation biology, 2021-02, Vol.35 (1), p.360-368</ispartof><rights>2020 Society for Conservation Biology</rights><rights>2020 Society for Conservation Biology.</rights><rights>2020. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4481-8bec38ec12c219b8f672edd2bb8578a32c523d8d43680b33e328e2a53eee94e73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4481-8bec38ec12c219b8f672edd2bb8578a32c523d8d43680b33e328e2a53eee94e73</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3985-0059 ; 0000-0003-0166-4872 ; 0000-0003-2997-4688 ; 0000-0002-0028-2242 ; 0000-0002-0083-0771 ; 0000-0001-5727-4916 ; 0000-0003-4174-763X ; 0000-0002-5289-5649 ; 0000-0003-2093-3767</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Fcobi.13621$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Fcobi.13621$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1416,27923,27924,45573,45574</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860266$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Knapp, Wesley M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frances, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noss, Reed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naczi, Robert F. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weakley, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gann, George D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baldwin, Bruce G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McIntyre, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mishler, Brent D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Gerry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olmstead, Richard G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strong, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kennedy, Kathryn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heidel, Bonnie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gluesenkamp, Daniel</creatorcontrib><title>Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada</title><title>Conservation biology</title><addtitle>Conserv Biol</addtitle><description>Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, searching the literature, and vetting the resulting list with botanical experts. Because taxonomic opinion varies widely, we developed an index of taxonomic uncertainty (ITU). The ITU ranges from A to F, with A indicating unanimous taxonomic recognition and F indicating taxonomic recognition by only a single author. The ITU allowed us to rigorously evaluate extinction rates. Our data suggest that 51 species and 14 infraspecific taxa, representing 33 families and 49 genera of vascular plants, have become extinct in our study area since European settlement. Seven of these taxa exist in cultivation but are extinct in the wild. Most extinctions occurred in the west, but this outcome may reflect the timing of botanical exploration relative to settlement. Sixty‐four percent of extinct plants were single‐site endemics, and many occurred outside recognized biodiversity hotspots. Given the paucity of plant surveys in many areas, particularly prior to European settlement, the actual extinction rate of vascular plants is undoubtedly much higher than indicated here. Extinción de las Plantas Vasculares en Canadá y los Estados Unidos Continentales Resumen Se espera que las tasas de extinción aumenten durante el Antropoceno. Todavía desconocemos las tasas de extinción actuales de las plantas y muchos animales. Cuantificamos las tasas de extinción de la flora vascular de los Estados Unidos Continentales y Canadá a partir del asentamiento de los europeos. Recopilamos datos sobre especies aparentemente extintas mediante la consulta de bases de datos sobre conservación, búsquedas en la literatura y el escrutinio de la lista resultante con botánicos expertos. Ya que la opinión taxonómica varía ampliamente, desarrollamos un índice de incertidumbre taxonómica (ITU). La ITU abarca desde la A hasta la F, en donde la A indica un reconocimiento taxonómico unánime y la F indica el reconocimiento taxonómico por un sólo autor. La ITU nos permitió evaluar rigurosamente las tasas de extinción. Nuestros datos sugieren que 51 especies y 14 taxones infraespecíficos, que en conjunto representan a 33 familias y a 49 géneros de plantas vasculares, se han extinguido en nuestra área de estudio desde el asentamiento de los europeos. Siete de estos taxones existen en cultivos, pero se encuentran extintos en vida libre. La mayoría de las extinciones ocurrieron en la parte oeste del área de estudio, aunque este resultado puede reflejar el momento de la exploración botánica en relación con el asentamiento europeo. El 64% de las plantas extintas eran endémicas de un sitio único y muchas tuvieron presencia fuera de los puntos calientes de biodiversidad. Dada la escasez de los censos botánicos en muchas áreas, particularmente previo al asentamiento europeo, la tasa actual de extinción de las plantas vasculares es sin duda mucho más alta de lo que se indica en este estudio. Article impact statement: The number of presumed extinct plants from the continental United States and Canada is much greater than previously recognized.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Anthropocene</subject><subject>Biodiversity</subject><subject>Biodiversity hot spots</subject><subject>Biological settlement</subject><subject>Canada</subject><subject>conservación</subject><subject>conservation</subject><subject>Conservation of Natural Resources</subject><subject>Cultivation</subject><subject>Endangered &amp; extinct species</subject><subject>endemismos de sitio único</subject><subject>Extinct plants</subject><subject>Extinct species</subject><subject>Extinction</subject><subject>extinction rate</subject><subject>Extinction, Biological</subject><subject>Flora</subject><subject>Flowers &amp; plants</subject><subject>Genera</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>rareza</subject><subject>rarity</subject><subject>Recognition</subject><subject>Research Note</subject><subject>single‐site endemics</subject><subject>Species extinction</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>tasa de extinción</subject><subject>Taxa</subject><subject>Taxonomy</subject><subject>taxonomía</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Wildlife conservation</subject><issn>0888-8892</issn><issn>1523-1739</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc1qGzEUhUVoiN20mzxAEXQTCpPoZ37ubALNkDYBQxapuxUazXUsM5ackaZt3r5ynZg0i2gj0P34dC6HkBPOzng658a39ozLUvADMuWFkBmvZP2OTBkAZAC1mJD3IawYY3XB8yMykQJKJspySq5-6mDGXg9002sXKf6J1plovaPW0bhEarxLT-ii7unc2YgdvYs6YqDadbTRTnf6Azlc6D7gx6f7mMy_Xf1orrPZ7feb5ussM3kOPIMWjQQ0XBjB6xYWZSWw60TbQlGBlsKk8B10uSyBtVJiyolCFxIR6xwreUwudt7N2K6xMynVoHu1GexaD4_Ka6v-nzi7VPf-lwJecKhEEpw-CQb_MGKIam2DwT7tjn4MSuQS0t-sKBL6-RW68uPg0nqJqkXFKlZshV92lBl8CAMu9mE4U9t21LYd9a-dBH96GX-PPteRAL4DftseH99Qqeb28mYn_QssTZoq</recordid><startdate>202102</startdate><enddate>202102</enddate><creator>Knapp, Wesley M.</creator><creator>Frances, Anne</creator><creator>Noss, Reed</creator><creator>Naczi, Robert F. C.</creator><creator>Weakley, Alan</creator><creator>Gann, George D.</creator><creator>Baldwin, Bruce G.</creator><creator>Miller, James</creator><creator>McIntyre, Patrick</creator><creator>Mishler, Brent D.</creator><creator>Moore, Gerry</creator><creator>Olmstead, Richard G.</creator><creator>Strong, Anna</creator><creator>Kennedy, Kathryn</creator><creator>Heidel, Bonnie</creator><creator>Gluesenkamp, Daniel</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><general>John Wiley and Sons Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7U6</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>H95</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-0059</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4872</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-4688</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-2242</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-0771</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-4916</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-763X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-5649</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-3767</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202102</creationdate><title>Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada</title><author>Knapp, Wesley M. ; Frances, Anne ; Noss, Reed ; Naczi, Robert F. C. ; Weakley, Alan ; Gann, George D. ; Baldwin, Bruce G. ; Miller, James ; McIntyre, Patrick ; Mishler, Brent D. ; Moore, Gerry ; Olmstead, Richard G. ; Strong, Anna ; Kennedy, Kathryn ; Heidel, Bonnie ; Gluesenkamp, Daniel</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4481-8bec38ec12c219b8f672edd2bb8578a32c523d8d43680b33e328e2a53eee94e73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Anthropocene</topic><topic>Biodiversity</topic><topic>Biodiversity hot spots</topic><topic>Biological settlement</topic><topic>Canada</topic><topic>conservación</topic><topic>conservation</topic><topic>Conservation of Natural Resources</topic><topic>Cultivation</topic><topic>Endangered &amp; extinct species</topic><topic>endemismos de sitio único</topic><topic>Extinct plants</topic><topic>Extinct species</topic><topic>Extinction</topic><topic>extinction rate</topic><topic>Extinction, Biological</topic><topic>Flora</topic><topic>Flowers &amp; plants</topic><topic>Genera</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>rareza</topic><topic>rarity</topic><topic>Recognition</topic><topic>Research Note</topic><topic>single‐site endemics</topic><topic>Species extinction</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>tasa de extinción</topic><topic>Taxa</topic><topic>Taxonomy</topic><topic>taxonomía</topic><topic>United States</topic><topic>Wildlife conservation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Knapp, Wesley M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frances, Anne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Noss, Reed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Naczi, Robert F. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Weakley, Alan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gann, George D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baldwin, Bruce G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Miller, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McIntyre, Patrick</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mishler, Brent D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moore, Gerry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olmstead, Richard G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strong, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kennedy, Kathryn</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heidel, Bonnie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gluesenkamp, Daniel</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Sustainability Science Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 1: Biological Sciences &amp; Living Resources</collection><collection>Aquatic Science &amp; Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Conservation biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Knapp, Wesley M.</au><au>Frances, Anne</au><au>Noss, Reed</au><au>Naczi, Robert F. C.</au><au>Weakley, Alan</au><au>Gann, George D.</au><au>Baldwin, Bruce G.</au><au>Miller, James</au><au>McIntyre, Patrick</au><au>Mishler, Brent D.</au><au>Moore, Gerry</au><au>Olmstead, Richard G.</au><au>Strong, Anna</au><au>Kennedy, Kathryn</au><au>Heidel, Bonnie</au><au>Gluesenkamp, Daniel</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada</atitle><jtitle>Conservation biology</jtitle><addtitle>Conserv Biol</addtitle><date>2021-02</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>35</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>360</spage><epage>368</epage><pages>360-368</pages><issn>0888-8892</issn><eissn>1523-1739</eissn><abstract>Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, searching the literature, and vetting the resulting list with botanical experts. Because taxonomic opinion varies widely, we developed an index of taxonomic uncertainty (ITU). The ITU ranges from A to F, with A indicating unanimous taxonomic recognition and F indicating taxonomic recognition by only a single author. The ITU allowed us to rigorously evaluate extinction rates. Our data suggest that 51 species and 14 infraspecific taxa, representing 33 families and 49 genera of vascular plants, have become extinct in our study area since European settlement. Seven of these taxa exist in cultivation but are extinct in the wild. Most extinctions occurred in the west, but this outcome may reflect the timing of botanical exploration relative to settlement. Sixty‐four percent of extinct plants were single‐site endemics, and many occurred outside recognized biodiversity hotspots. Given the paucity of plant surveys in many areas, particularly prior to European settlement, the actual extinction rate of vascular plants is undoubtedly much higher than indicated here. Extinción de las Plantas Vasculares en Canadá y los Estados Unidos Continentales Resumen Se espera que las tasas de extinción aumenten durante el Antropoceno. Todavía desconocemos las tasas de extinción actuales de las plantas y muchos animales. Cuantificamos las tasas de extinción de la flora vascular de los Estados Unidos Continentales y Canadá a partir del asentamiento de los europeos. Recopilamos datos sobre especies aparentemente extintas mediante la consulta de bases de datos sobre conservación, búsquedas en la literatura y el escrutinio de la lista resultante con botánicos expertos. Ya que la opinión taxonómica varía ampliamente, desarrollamos un índice de incertidumbre taxonómica (ITU). La ITU abarca desde la A hasta la F, en donde la A indica un reconocimiento taxonómico unánime y la F indica el reconocimiento taxonómico por un sólo autor. La ITU nos permitió evaluar rigurosamente las tasas de extinción. Nuestros datos sugieren que 51 especies y 14 taxones infraespecíficos, que en conjunto representan a 33 familias y a 49 géneros de plantas vasculares, se han extinguido en nuestra área de estudio desde el asentamiento de los europeos. Siete de estos taxones existen en cultivos, pero se encuentran extintos en vida libre. La mayoría de las extinciones ocurrieron en la parte oeste del área de estudio, aunque este resultado puede reflejar el momento de la exploración botánica en relación con el asentamiento europeo. El 64% de las plantas extintas eran endémicas de un sitio único y muchas tuvieron presencia fuera de los puntos calientes de biodiversidad. Dada la escasez de los censos botánicos en muchas áreas, particularmente previo al asentamiento europeo, la tasa actual de extinción de las plantas vasculares es sin duda mucho más alta de lo que se indica en este estudio. Article impact statement: The number of presumed extinct plants from the continental United States and Canada is much greater than previously recognized.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>32860266</pmid><doi>10.1111/cobi.13621</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3985-0059</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0166-4872</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2997-4688</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-2242</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0083-0771</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5727-4916</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4174-763X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-5649</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-3767</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0888-8892
ispartof Conservation biology, 2021-02, Vol.35 (1), p.360-368
issn 0888-8892
1523-1739
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8151872
source MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library All Journals
subjects Animals
Anthropocene
Biodiversity
Biodiversity hot spots
Biological settlement
Canada
conservación
conservation
Conservation of Natural Resources
Cultivation
Endangered & extinct species
endemismos de sitio único
Extinct plants
Extinct species
Extinction
extinction rate
Extinction, Biological
Flora
Flowers & plants
Genera
Plants
rareza
rarity
Recognition
Research Note
single‐site endemics
Species extinction
Surveys
tasa de extinción
Taxa
Taxonomy
taxonomía
United States
Wildlife conservation
title Vascular plant extinction in the continental United States and Canada
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-11T12%3A15%3A30IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vascular%20plant%20extinction%20in%20the%20continental%20United%20States%20and%20Canada&rft.jtitle=Conservation%20biology&rft.au=Knapp,%20Wesley%20M.&rft.date=2021-02&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=360&rft.epage=368&rft.pages=360-368&rft.issn=0888-8892&rft.eissn=1523-1739&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111/cobi.13621&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2438680055%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2492707052&rft_id=info:pmid/32860266&rfr_iscdi=true