On the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq
At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world, including Iraq. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, Iraq, like other countries, has imposed national lockdown measures, such as social distancing, restriction of automobile traf...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2021-09, Vol.28 (36), p.50344-50362 |
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| creator | Hashim, Bassim Mohammed Al-Naseri, Saadi K. Al Maliki, Ali Sa’adi, Zulfaqar Malik, Anurag Yaseen, Zaher Mundher |
| description | At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world, including Iraq. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, Iraq, like other countries, has imposed national lockdown measures, such as social distancing, restriction of automobile traffic, and industrial enterprises. This has led to reduced human activities and air pollutant emissions, which caused improvement in air quality. This study focused on the analysis of the impact of the six partial, total, and post-lockdown periods (1st partial lockdown from March 1 to16, 2020, 1st total lockdown from March 17 to April 21, 2nd partial lockdown from April 22 to May 23, 2nd total lockdown from May 24 to June 13, 3rd partial lockdown from June 14 to August 19, and end partial lockdown from August 20 to 31) on the average of daily NO
2
, O
3
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
concentrations, as well as air quality index (AQI) in 18 Iraqi provinces during these periods (from March 1st to August 31st, 2020). The analysis showed a decline in the average of daily PM
2.5
, PM
10
, and NO
2
concentrations by 24%, 15%, and 8%, respectively from March 17 to April 21, 2020 (first phase of total lockdown) in comparison to the 1st phase of partial lockdown (March 1 to March 16, 2020). Furthermore, the O
3
increased by 10% over the same period. The 2nd phase of total lockdown, the 3rd partial lockdown, and the post-lockdown periods witnessed declines in PM
2.5
by 8%, 11%, and 21%, respectively, while the PM
10
increases over the same period. Iraqi also witnessed improvement in the AQI by 8% during the 1st phase of total lockdown compared to the 1st phase of partial lockdown. The level of air pollutants in Iraq declined significantly during the six lockdown periods as a result of reduced human activities. This study gives confidence that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x |
| format | Article |
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2
, O
3
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
concentrations, as well as air quality index (AQI) in 18 Iraqi provinces during these periods (from March 1st to August 31st, 2020). The analysis showed a decline in the average of daily PM
2.5
, PM
10
, and NO
2
concentrations by 24%, 15%, and 8%, respectively from March 17 to April 21, 2020 (first phase of total lockdown) in comparison to the 1st phase of partial lockdown (March 1 to March 16, 2020). Furthermore, the O
3
increased by 10% over the same period. The 2nd phase of total lockdown, the 3rd partial lockdown, and the post-lockdown periods witnessed declines in PM
2.5
by 8%, 11%, and 21%, respectively, while the PM
10
increases over the same period. Iraqi also witnessed improvement in the AQI by 8% during the 1st phase of total lockdown compared to the 1st phase of partial lockdown. The level of air pollutants in Iraq declined significantly during the six lockdown periods as a result of reduced human activities. This study gives confidence that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33956319</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis ; Air pollution ; Air Pollution - analysis ; Air quality ; Air quality measurements ; Airborne particulates ; Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Cities ; Communicable Disease Control ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Disease control ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental Monitoring ; Environmental science ; Human influences ; Humans ; Impact analysis ; Iraq ; Nitrogen dioxide ; Outdoor air quality ; Particulate matter ; Particulate Matter - analysis ; Pollutants ; Research Article ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Shelter in place ; Viral diseases ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-09, Vol.28 (36), p.50344-50362</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021</rights><rights>2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-9bb34737a409f7ee98000e8427507358f9a2a44d4cf605463fed340411b1532e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-9bb34737a409f7ee98000e8427507358f9a2a44d4cf605463fed340411b1532e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-3647-7137</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33956319$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hashim, Bassim Mohammed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Naseri, Saadi K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al Maliki, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sa’adi, Zulfaqar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Malik, Anurag</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yaseen, Zaher Mundher</creatorcontrib><title>On the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><description>At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world, including Iraq. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, Iraq, like other countries, has imposed national lockdown measures, such as social distancing, restriction of automobile traffic, and industrial enterprises. This has led to reduced human activities and air pollutant emissions, which caused improvement in air quality. This study focused on the analysis of the impact of the six partial, total, and post-lockdown periods (1st partial lockdown from March 1 to16, 2020, 1st total lockdown from March 17 to April 21, 2nd partial lockdown from April 22 to May 23, 2nd total lockdown from May 24 to June 13, 3rd partial lockdown from June 14 to August 19, and end partial lockdown from August 20 to 31) on the average of daily NO
2
, O
3
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
concentrations, as well as air quality index (AQI) in 18 Iraqi provinces during these periods (from March 1st to August 31st, 2020). The analysis showed a decline in the average of daily PM
2.5
, PM
10
, and NO
2
concentrations by 24%, 15%, and 8%, respectively from March 17 to April 21, 2020 (first phase of total lockdown) in comparison to the 1st phase of partial lockdown (March 1 to March 16, 2020). Furthermore, the O
3
increased by 10% over the same period. The 2nd phase of total lockdown, the 3rd partial lockdown, and the post-lockdown periods witnessed declines in PM
2.5
by 8%, 11%, and 21%, respectively, while the PM
10
increases over the same period. Iraqi also witnessed improvement in the AQI by 8% during the 1st phase of total lockdown compared to the 1st phase of partial lockdown. The level of air pollutants in Iraq declined significantly during the six lockdown periods as a result of reduced human activities. This study gives confidence that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.</description><subject>Air Pollutants - analysis</subject><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Air Pollution - analysis</subject><subject>Air quality</subject><subject>Air quality measurements</subject><subject>Airborne particulates</subject><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Communicable Disease Control</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental Monitoring</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Human influences</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Impact analysis</subject><subject>Iraq</subject><subject>Nitrogen dioxide</subject><subject>Outdoor air quality</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Particulate Matter - analysis</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Shelter in place</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution 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the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq</title><author>Hashim, Bassim Mohammed ; Al-Naseri, Saadi K. ; Al Maliki, Ali ; Sa’adi, Zulfaqar ; Malik, Anurag ; Yaseen, Zaher Mundher</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-9bb34737a409f7ee98000e8427507358f9a2a44d4cf605463fed340411b1532e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Air Pollutants - analysis</topic><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Air Pollution - analysis</topic><topic>Air quality</topic><topic>Air quality measurements</topic><topic>Airborne particulates</topic><topic>Aquatic Pollution</topic><topic>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</topic><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Communicable Disease Control</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Disease 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Mundher</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>On the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science and pollution research international</jtitle><stitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</stitle><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res Int</addtitle><date>2021-09-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>36</issue><spage>50344</spage><epage>50362</epage><pages>50344-50362</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>At the end of 2019, a novel coronavirus COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China, and later spread throughout the world, including Iraq. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, Iraq, like other countries, has imposed national lockdown measures, such as social distancing, restriction of automobile traffic, and industrial enterprises. This has led to reduced human activities and air pollutant emissions, which caused improvement in air quality. This study focused on the analysis of the impact of the six partial, total, and post-lockdown periods (1st partial lockdown from March 1 to16, 2020, 1st total lockdown from March 17 to April 21, 2nd partial lockdown from April 22 to May 23, 2nd total lockdown from May 24 to June 13, 3rd partial lockdown from June 14 to August 19, and end partial lockdown from August 20 to 31) on the average of daily NO
2
, O
3
, PM
2.5
, and PM
10
concentrations, as well as air quality index (AQI) in 18 Iraqi provinces during these periods (from March 1st to August 31st, 2020). The analysis showed a decline in the average of daily PM
2.5
, PM
10
, and NO
2
concentrations by 24%, 15%, and 8%, respectively from March 17 to April 21, 2020 (first phase of total lockdown) in comparison to the 1st phase of partial lockdown (March 1 to March 16, 2020). Furthermore, the O
3
increased by 10% over the same period. The 2nd phase of total lockdown, the 3rd partial lockdown, and the post-lockdown periods witnessed declines in PM
2.5
by 8%, 11%, and 21%, respectively, while the PM
10
increases over the same period. Iraqi also witnessed improvement in the AQI by 8% during the 1st phase of total lockdown compared to the 1st phase of partial lockdown. The level of air pollutants in Iraq declined significantly during the six lockdown periods as a result of reduced human activities. This study gives confidence that when strict measures are implemented, air quality can improve.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>33956319</pmid><doi>10.1007/s11356-021-13812-x</doi><tpages>19</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-7137</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental science and pollution research international, 2021-09, Vol.28 (36), p.50344-50362 |
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| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8100943 |
| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Air Pollutants - analysis Air pollution Air Pollution - analysis Air quality Air quality measurements Airborne particulates Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Cities Communicable Disease Control Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease control Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental Monitoring Environmental science Human influences Humans Impact analysis Iraq Nitrogen dioxide Outdoor air quality Particulate matter Particulate Matter - analysis Pollutants Research Article SARS-CoV-2 Shelter in place Viral diseases Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | On the investigation of COVID-19 lockdown influence on air pollution concentration: regional investigation over eighteen provinces in Iraq |
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