Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls
Abstract Stressful environments have been associated with earlier menarche. We hypothesized that anxiety, and possibly other internalizing symptoms, are also associated with earlier puberty in girls. The Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer From Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study (2011–2016)...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of epidemiology 2021-03, Vol.190 (3), p.431-438 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 438 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 431 |
| container_title | American journal of epidemiology |
| container_volume | 190 |
| creator | Knight, Julia A Kehm, Rebecca D Schwartz, Lisa Frost, Caren J Chung, Wendy K Colonna, Sarah Keegan, Theresa H M Goldberg, Mandy Houghton, Lauren C Hanna, Danielle Glendon, Gord Daly, Mary B Buys, Saundra S Andrulis, Irene L John, Esther M Bradbury, Angela R Terry, Mary Beth |
| description | Abstract
Stressful environments have been associated with earlier menarche. We hypothesized that anxiety, and possibly other internalizing symptoms, are also associated with earlier puberty in girls. The Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer From Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study (2011–2016) included 1,040 girls aged 6–13 years at recruitment whose growth and development were assessed every 6 months. Prepubertal maternal reports of daughter’s internalizing symptoms were available for breast onset (n = 447), pubic hair onset (n = 456), and menarche (n = 681). Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated prospective hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between 1 standard deviation of the percentiles of prepubertal anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms and the timing of each pubertal outcome. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, study center, maternal education, body mass index percentile, and family history of breast cancer. Additional models included maternal self-reported anxiety. A 1–standard deviation increase in maternally reported anxiety in girls at baseline was associated with earlier subsequent onset of breast (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.36) and pubic hair (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30) development, but not menarche (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07). The association of anxiety with earlier breast development persisted after adjustment for maternal anxiety. Increased anxiety in young girls may indicate risk for earlier pubertal onset. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/aje/kwaa223 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8086416</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1093/aje/kwaa223</oup_id><sourcerecordid>2513117004</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-d3f21a3369ab69cdfdf5592f301239b9088370ef795e7334383885352f767f533</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp90cFrFDEYBfAgFrtWT95lQBBBxn7JN0kmF0GKroVCC9ZzyM4kNetMsiYzyvrXm3W3xXroKZD8eDzyCHlB4R0FhadmbU-__zKGMXxEFrSRohaMi8dkAQCsVkywY_I05zUApYrDE3KMCFxyyRZkeZXsZl7ZNJmhOg-TTcEM_rcPN9WX7biZ4pgrE_rq2o-7u-iqq796W12GbKfKh2rp05CfkSNnhmyfH84T8vXTx-uzz_XF5fL87MNF3XEQU92jY9QgCmVWQnW96x3nijkEylCtFLQtSrBOKm4lYoMtti1HzpwU0nHEE_J-n1tKj7bvbJiSGfQm-dGkrY7G6_svwX_TN_GnbqEVDRUl4M0hIMUfs82THn3u7DCYYOOcNWs4bRtRGhb66j-6jvPuf4riFCmVAE1Rb_eqSzHnZN1dGQp6N5AuA-nDQEW__Lf_nb1dpIDXexDnzYNJfwA-n5kD</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2513117004</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Oxford Journals Online</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Knight, Julia A ; Kehm, Rebecca D ; Schwartz, Lisa ; Frost, Caren J ; Chung, Wendy K ; Colonna, Sarah ; Keegan, Theresa H M ; Goldberg, Mandy ; Houghton, Lauren C ; Hanna, Danielle ; Glendon, Gord ; Daly, Mary B ; Buys, Saundra S ; Andrulis, Irene L ; John, Esther M ; Bradbury, Angela R ; Terry, Mary Beth</creator><creatorcontrib>Knight, Julia A ; Kehm, Rebecca D ; Schwartz, Lisa ; Frost, Caren J ; Chung, Wendy K ; Colonna, Sarah ; Keegan, Theresa H M ; Goldberg, Mandy ; Houghton, Lauren C ; Hanna, Danielle ; Glendon, Gord ; Daly, Mary B ; Buys, Saundra S ; Andrulis, Irene L ; John, Esther M ; Bradbury, Angela R ; Terry, Mary Beth</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract
Stressful environments have been associated with earlier menarche. We hypothesized that anxiety, and possibly other internalizing symptoms, are also associated with earlier puberty in girls. The Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer From Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study (2011–2016) included 1,040 girls aged 6–13 years at recruitment whose growth and development were assessed every 6 months. Prepubertal maternal reports of daughter’s internalizing symptoms were available for breast onset (n = 447), pubic hair onset (n = 456), and menarche (n = 681). Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated prospective hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between 1 standard deviation of the percentiles of prepubertal anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms and the timing of each pubertal outcome. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, study center, maternal education, body mass index percentile, and family history of breast cancer. Additional models included maternal self-reported anxiety. A 1–standard deviation increase in maternally reported anxiety in girls at baseline was associated with earlier subsequent onset of breast (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.36) and pubic hair (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30) development, but not menarche (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07). The association of anxiety with earlier breast development persisted after adjustment for maternal anxiety. Increased anxiety in young girls may indicate risk for earlier pubertal onset.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-9262</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-6256</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwaa223</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33057572</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Anxiety ; Body Mass Index ; Body size ; Breast - growth & development ; Breast cancer ; Child ; Cohort analysis ; Confidence intervals ; Continental Population Groups ; Defense Mechanisms ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Genetics ; Girls ; Hair ; Humans ; Menarche ; Menarche - physiology ; Model testing ; Original Contribution ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Prospective Studies ; Puberty ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Standard deviation ; Statistical analysis ; Stress, Psychological - epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological - physiopathology ; Youth</subject><ispartof>American journal of epidemiology, 2021-03, Vol.190 (3), p.431-438</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-d3f21a3369ab69cdfdf5592f301239b9088370ef795e7334383885352f767f533</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-d3f21a3369ab69cdfdf5592f301239b9088370ef795e7334383885352f767f533</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1578,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33057572$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Knight, Julia A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kehm, Rebecca D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwartz, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frost, Caren J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Wendy K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colonna, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keegan, Theresa H M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goldberg, Mandy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Houghton, Lauren C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanna, Danielle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Glendon, Gord</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daly, Mary B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buys, Saundra S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andrulis, Irene L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>John, Esther M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradbury, Angela R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terry, Mary Beth</creatorcontrib><title>Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls</title><title>American journal of epidemiology</title><addtitle>Am J Epidemiol</addtitle><description>Abstract
Stressful environments have been associated with earlier menarche. We hypothesized that anxiety, and possibly other internalizing symptoms, are also associated with earlier puberty in girls. The Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer From Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study (2011–2016) included 1,040 girls aged 6–13 years at recruitment whose growth and development were assessed every 6 months. Prepubertal maternal reports of daughter’s internalizing symptoms were available for breast onset (n = 447), pubic hair onset (n = 456), and menarche (n = 681). Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated prospective hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between 1 standard deviation of the percentiles of prepubertal anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms and the timing of each pubertal outcome. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, study center, maternal education, body mass index percentile, and family history of breast cancer. Additional models included maternal self-reported anxiety. A 1–standard deviation increase in maternally reported anxiety in girls at baseline was associated with earlier subsequent onset of breast (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.36) and pubic hair (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30) development, but not menarche (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07). The association of anxiety with earlier breast development persisted after adjustment for maternal anxiety. Increased anxiety in young girls may indicate risk for earlier pubertal onset.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Breast - growth & development</subject><subject>Breast cancer</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Continental Population Groups</subject><subject>Defense Mechanisms</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Genetics</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Hair</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Menarche</subject><subject>Menarche - physiology</subject><subject>Model testing</subject><subject>Original Contribution</subject><subject>Proportional Hazards Models</subject><subject>Prospective Studies</subject><subject>Puberty</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Standard deviation</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - epidemiology</subject><subject>Stress, Psychological - physiopathology</subject><subject>Youth</subject><issn>0002-9262</issn><issn>1476-6256</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp90cFrFDEYBfAgFrtWT95lQBBBxn7JN0kmF0GKroVCC9ZzyM4kNetMsiYzyvrXm3W3xXroKZD8eDzyCHlB4R0FhadmbU-__zKGMXxEFrSRohaMi8dkAQCsVkywY_I05zUApYrDE3KMCFxyyRZkeZXsZl7ZNJmhOg-TTcEM_rcPN9WX7biZ4pgrE_rq2o-7u-iqq796W12GbKfKh2rp05CfkSNnhmyfH84T8vXTx-uzz_XF5fL87MNF3XEQU92jY9QgCmVWQnW96x3nijkEylCtFLQtSrBOKm4lYoMtti1HzpwU0nHEE_J-n1tKj7bvbJiSGfQm-dGkrY7G6_svwX_TN_GnbqEVDRUl4M0hIMUfs82THn3u7DCYYOOcNWs4bRtRGhb66j-6jvPuf4riFCmVAE1Rb_eqSzHnZN1dGQp6N5AuA-nDQEW__Lf_nb1dpIDXexDnzYNJfwA-n5kD</recordid><startdate>20210301</startdate><enddate>20210301</enddate><creator>Knight, Julia A</creator><creator>Kehm, Rebecca D</creator><creator>Schwartz, Lisa</creator><creator>Frost, Caren J</creator><creator>Chung, Wendy K</creator><creator>Colonna, Sarah</creator><creator>Keegan, Theresa H M</creator><creator>Goldberg, Mandy</creator><creator>Houghton, Lauren C</creator><creator>Hanna, Danielle</creator><creator>Glendon, Gord</creator><creator>Daly, Mary B</creator><creator>Buys, Saundra S</creator><creator>Andrulis, Irene L</creator><creator>John, Esther M</creator><creator>Bradbury, Angela R</creator><creator>Terry, Mary Beth</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Publishing Limited (England)</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210301</creationdate><title>Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls</title><author>Knight, Julia A ; Kehm, Rebecca D ; Schwartz, Lisa ; Frost, Caren J ; Chung, Wendy K ; Colonna, Sarah ; Keegan, Theresa H M ; Goldberg, Mandy ; Houghton, Lauren C ; Hanna, Danielle ; Glendon, Gord ; Daly, Mary B ; Buys, Saundra S ; Andrulis, Irene L ; John, Esther M ; Bradbury, Angela R ; Terry, Mary Beth</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c506t-d3f21a3369ab69cdfdf5592f301239b9088370ef795e7334383885352f767f533</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Body size</topic><topic>Breast - growth & development</topic><topic>Breast cancer</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Continental Population Groups</topic><topic>Defense Mechanisms</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Genetics</topic><topic>Girls</topic><topic>Hair</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Menarche</topic><topic>Menarche - physiology</topic><topic>Model testing</topic><topic>Original Contribution</topic><topic>Proportional Hazards Models</topic><topic>Prospective Studies</topic><topic>Puberty</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><topic>Standard deviation</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - epidemiology</topic><topic>Stress, Psychological - physiopathology</topic><topic>Youth</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Knight, Julia A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kehm, Rebecca D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schwartz, Lisa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frost, Caren J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chung, Wendy K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Colonna, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Keegan, Theresa H M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goldberg, Mandy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Houghton, Lauren C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hanna, Danielle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Glendon, Gord</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daly, Mary B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Buys, Saundra S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Andrulis, Irene L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>John, Esther M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bradbury, Angela R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Terry, Mary Beth</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>American journal of epidemiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Knight, Julia A</au><au>Kehm, Rebecca D</au><au>Schwartz, Lisa</au><au>Frost, Caren J</au><au>Chung, Wendy K</au><au>Colonna, Sarah</au><au>Keegan, Theresa H M</au><au>Goldberg, Mandy</au><au>Houghton, Lauren C</au><au>Hanna, Danielle</au><au>Glendon, Gord</au><au>Daly, Mary B</au><au>Buys, Saundra S</au><au>Andrulis, Irene L</au><au>John, Esther M</au><au>Bradbury, Angela R</au><au>Terry, Mary Beth</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls</atitle><jtitle>American journal of epidemiology</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Epidemiol</addtitle><date>2021-03-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>190</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>431</spage><epage>438</epage><pages>431-438</pages><issn>0002-9262</issn><eissn>1476-6256</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Stressful environments have been associated with earlier menarche. We hypothesized that anxiety, and possibly other internalizing symptoms, are also associated with earlier puberty in girls. The Lessons in Epidemiology and Genetics of Adult Cancer From Youth (LEGACY) Girls Study (2011–2016) included 1,040 girls aged 6–13 years at recruitment whose growth and development were assessed every 6 months. Prepubertal maternal reports of daughter’s internalizing symptoms were available for breast onset (n = 447), pubic hair onset (n = 456), and menarche (n = 681). Using Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated prospective hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the relationship between 1 standard deviation of the percentiles of prepubertal anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms and the timing of each pubertal outcome. Multivariable models included age, race/ethnicity, study center, maternal education, body mass index percentile, and family history of breast cancer. Additional models included maternal self-reported anxiety. A 1–standard deviation increase in maternally reported anxiety in girls at baseline was associated with earlier subsequent onset of breast (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.36) and pubic hair (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.30) development, but not menarche (HR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.07). The association of anxiety with earlier breast development persisted after adjustment for maternal anxiety. Increased anxiety in young girls may indicate risk for earlier pubertal onset.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>33057572</pmid><doi>10.1093/aje/kwaa223</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0002-9262 |
| ispartof | American journal of epidemiology, 2021-03, Vol.190 (3), p.431-438 |
| issn | 0002-9262 1476-6256 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8086416 |
| source | MEDLINE; Oxford Journals Online; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Adolescent Age Factors Anxiety Body Mass Index Body size Breast - growth & development Breast cancer Child Cohort analysis Confidence intervals Continental Population Groups Defense Mechanisms Epidemiology Female Genetics Girls Hair Humans Menarche Menarche - physiology Model testing Original Contribution Proportional Hazards Models Prospective Studies Puberty Socioeconomic Factors Standard deviation Statistical analysis Stress, Psychological - epidemiology Stress, Psychological - physiopathology Youth |
| title | Prepubertal Internalizing Symptoms and Timing of Puberty Onset in Girls |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-01T06%3A37%3A33IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prepubertal%20Internalizing%20Symptoms%20and%20Timing%20of%20Puberty%20Onset%20in%20Girls&rft.jtitle=American%20journal%20of%20epidemiology&rft.au=Knight,%20Julia%20A&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=431&rft.epage=438&rft.pages=431-438&rft.issn=0002-9262&rft.eissn=1476-6256&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/aje/kwaa223&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2513117004%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2513117004&rft_id=info:pmid/33057572&rft_oup_id=10.1093/aje/kwaa223&rfr_iscdi=true |