Initial return to work and long‐term employment patterns: Associations with work‐related permanent impairment and with participation in workers' compensation‐based return‐to‐work programs
Background Roughly 10% of injured workers experience work injuries that result in permanent impairment and a permanent partial disability (PPD) award. This study aimed to characterize and quantify long‐term employment outcomes for injured workers, by the degree of whole body impairment (WBI) and by...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of industrial medicine 2021-05, Vol.64 (5), p.323-337 |
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| container_title | American journal of industrial medicine |
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| creator | Sears, Jeanne M. Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah |
| description | Background
Roughly 10% of injured workers experience work injuries that result in permanent impairment and a permanent partial disability (PPD) award. This study aimed to characterize and quantify long‐term employment outcomes for injured workers, by the degree of whole body impairment (WBI) and by participation in several workers' compensation (WC)‐based return‐to‐work (RTW) programs.
Methods
A retrospective cohort of 43,968 Washington State workers were followed for up to 10 years after WC claim closure (2009–2017). Degree of impairment was classified as: (1) no PPD award, (2) PPD award with WBI |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ajim.23233 |
| format | Article |
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Roughly 10% of injured workers experience work injuries that result in permanent impairment and a permanent partial disability (PPD) award. This study aimed to characterize and quantify long‐term employment outcomes for injured workers, by the degree of whole body impairment (WBI) and by participation in several workers' compensation (WC)‐based return‐to‐work (RTW) programs.
Methods
A retrospective cohort of 43,968 Washington State workers were followed for up to 10 years after WC claim closure (2009–2017). Degree of impairment was classified as: (1) no PPD award, (2) PPD award with WBI < 10%, or (3) PPD award with WBI ≥ 10%. State wage files were used to construct employment outcomes for regression, modeling: (1) time to first RTW, (2) time to first RTW interruption, (3) RTW volatility, and (4) employment gaps.
Results
Wage patterns and employment outcomes differed significantly by the degree of impairment. Compared to other workers, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had delayed RTW, shorter average times to first RTW interruption, and higher rates of both RTW interruptions and quarters without wages. Time to first RTW averaged over a year, increasing with the degree of impairment. About 9% overall—and 27% of workers with ≥10% WBI—had no observed wages after claim closure. In adjusted models, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had significantly poorer employment outcomes, compared to workers with no PPD award (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
State wage files provide an efficient approach to identifying RTW patterns. Workers with permanent impairment were at substantially higher risk of poor employment outcomes. WC‐based RTW programs may promote better employment outcomes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0271-3586</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0274</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23233</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33616241</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Closures ; disability evaluation ; Employment ; Employment - statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Functional Comorbidity Index ; Humans ; Impairment ; Injuries ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Health - economics ; Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data ; occupational injuries ; Occupational Injuries - economics ; Occupational Injuries - epidemiology ; permanent impairment ; permanent partial disability ; Regression Analysis ; Retrospective Studies ; return to work ; Return to Work - statistics & numerical data ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits - statistics & numerical data ; Staff participation ; unemployment ; vocational rehabilitation ; Wages & salaries ; Washington - epidemiology ; Workers ; Workers compensation ; Workers' Compensation - statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult]]></subject><ispartof>American journal of industrial medicine, 2021-05, Vol.64 (5), p.323-337</ispartof><rights>2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC</rights><rights>2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4483-3e90b73d30b9cce2d08551bd05cb0eddc53259f70ecc2e2c6017f9103980bb383</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4483-3e90b73d30b9cce2d08551bd05cb0eddc53259f70ecc2e2c6017f9103980bb383</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7325-1279</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fajim.23233$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fajim.23233$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33616241$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sears, Jeanne M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah</creatorcontrib><title>Initial return to work and long‐term employment patterns: Associations with work‐related permanent impairment and with participation in workers' compensation‐based return‐to‐work programs</title><title>American journal of industrial medicine</title><addtitle>Am J Ind Med</addtitle><description>Background
Roughly 10% of injured workers experience work injuries that result in permanent impairment and a permanent partial disability (PPD) award. This study aimed to characterize and quantify long‐term employment outcomes for injured workers, by the degree of whole body impairment (WBI) and by participation in several workers' compensation (WC)‐based return‐to‐work (RTW) programs.
Methods
A retrospective cohort of 43,968 Washington State workers were followed for up to 10 years after WC claim closure (2009–2017). Degree of impairment was classified as: (1) no PPD award, (2) PPD award with WBI < 10%, or (3) PPD award with WBI ≥ 10%. State wage files were used to construct employment outcomes for regression, modeling: (1) time to first RTW, (2) time to first RTW interruption, (3) RTW volatility, and (4) employment gaps.
Results
Wage patterns and employment outcomes differed significantly by the degree of impairment. Compared to other workers, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had delayed RTW, shorter average times to first RTW interruption, and higher rates of both RTW interruptions and quarters without wages. Time to first RTW averaged over a year, increasing with the degree of impairment. About 9% overall—and 27% of workers with ≥10% WBI—had no observed wages after claim closure. In adjusted models, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had significantly poorer employment outcomes, compared to workers with no PPD award (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
State wage files provide an efficient approach to identifying RTW patterns. Workers with permanent impairment were at substantially higher risk of poor employment outcomes. WC‐based RTW programs may promote better employment outcomes.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Closures</subject><subject>disability evaluation</subject><subject>Employment</subject><subject>Employment - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Functional Comorbidity Index</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Impairment</subject><subject>Injuries</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Occupational Health - economics</subject><subject>Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>occupational injuries</subject><subject>Occupational Injuries - economics</subject><subject>Occupational Injuries - epidemiology</subject><subject>permanent impairment</subject><subject>permanent partial disability</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>return to work</subject><subject>Return to Work - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Salaries and Fringe Benefits - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Staff participation</subject><subject>unemployment</subject><subject>vocational rehabilitation</subject><subject>Wages & salaries</subject><subject>Washington - epidemiology</subject><subject>Workers</subject><subject>Workers compensation</subject><subject>Workers' Compensation - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0271-3586</issn><issn>1097-0274</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc2KFDEUhYMoTju68QEk4EIQarxJ6teF0Az-tIy40XVIpdI9aSs_Jmmb3vkIvpQv4pOYqhoH3bjJhdxzvpxwEHpM4IIA0Bdir80FZZSxO2hFoGsKoE15F63yIAWr2voMPYhxD0BIWZf30RljNalpSVbo58bqpMWIg0qHYHFy-OjCFyzsgEdnd7--_0gqGKyMH93JKJuwFylf2fgSr2N0UouknY34qNP17M2WoEaR1IB9tgo7mbTxQofZP6FnsRchaan9DMDazm4V4jMsnfHKxnmRcb2IGbYknAK5fMwpfXC7IEx8iO5txRjVo5t5jj6_ef3p8l1x9fHt5nJ9VciybFnBVAd9wwYGfSelogO0VUX6ASrZgxoGWTFaddsGlJRUUVkDabYdAda10PesZefo1cL1h96oQebvBDFyH7QR4cSd0PzfjdXXfOe-8RbKuqFNBjy9AQT39aBi4nuXP5Uzc1oRStoKasiq54tKBhdjUNvbFwjwqXI-Vc7nyrP4yd-ZbqV_Os4CsgiOelSn_6D4-v3mwwL9Dbbnw0s</recordid><startdate>202105</startdate><enddate>202105</enddate><creator>Sears, Jeanne M.</creator><creator>Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah</creator><creator>Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7325-1279</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202105</creationdate><title>Initial return to work and long‐term employment patterns: Associations with work‐related permanent impairment and with participation in workers' compensation‐based return‐to‐work programs</title><author>Sears, Jeanne M. ; Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah ; Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4483-3e90b73d30b9cce2d08551bd05cb0eddc53259f70ecc2e2c6017f9103980bb383</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Closures</topic><topic>disability evaluation</topic><topic>Employment</topic><topic>Employment - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Functional Comorbidity Index</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Impairment</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Occupational Health - economics</topic><topic>Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>occupational injuries</topic><topic>Occupational Injuries - economics</topic><topic>Occupational Injuries - epidemiology</topic><topic>permanent impairment</topic><topic>permanent partial disability</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>return to work</topic><topic>Return to Work - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Salaries and Fringe Benefits - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Staff participation</topic><topic>unemployment</topic><topic>vocational rehabilitation</topic><topic>Wages & salaries</topic><topic>Washington - epidemiology</topic><topic>Workers</topic><topic>Workers compensation</topic><topic>Workers' Compensation - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sears, Jeanne M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>American journal of industrial medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sears, Jeanne M.</au><au>Fulton‐Kehoe, Deborah</au><au>Hogg‐Johnson, Sheilah</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Initial return to work and long‐term employment patterns: Associations with work‐related permanent impairment and with participation in workers' compensation‐based return‐to‐work programs</atitle><jtitle>American journal of industrial medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Ind Med</addtitle><date>2021-05</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>64</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>323</spage><epage>337</epage><pages>323-337</pages><issn>0271-3586</issn><eissn>1097-0274</eissn><abstract>Background
Roughly 10% of injured workers experience work injuries that result in permanent impairment and a permanent partial disability (PPD) award. This study aimed to characterize and quantify long‐term employment outcomes for injured workers, by the degree of whole body impairment (WBI) and by participation in several workers' compensation (WC)‐based return‐to‐work (RTW) programs.
Methods
A retrospective cohort of 43,968 Washington State workers were followed for up to 10 years after WC claim closure (2009–2017). Degree of impairment was classified as: (1) no PPD award, (2) PPD award with WBI < 10%, or (3) PPD award with WBI ≥ 10%. State wage files were used to construct employment outcomes for regression, modeling: (1) time to first RTW, (2) time to first RTW interruption, (3) RTW volatility, and (4) employment gaps.
Results
Wage patterns and employment outcomes differed significantly by the degree of impairment. Compared to other workers, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had delayed RTW, shorter average times to first RTW interruption, and higher rates of both RTW interruptions and quarters without wages. Time to first RTW averaged over a year, increasing with the degree of impairment. About 9% overall—and 27% of workers with ≥10% WBI—had no observed wages after claim closure. In adjusted models, workers with WBI ≥ 10% had significantly poorer employment outcomes, compared to workers with no PPD award (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
State wage files provide an efficient approach to identifying RTW patterns. Workers with permanent impairment were at substantially higher risk of poor employment outcomes. WC‐based RTW programs may promote better employment outcomes.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</pub><pmid>33616241</pmid><doi>10.1002/ajim.23233</doi><tpages>15</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7325-1279</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library All Journals |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Closures disability evaluation Employment Employment - statistics & numerical data Female Functional Comorbidity Index Humans Impairment Injuries Male Middle Aged Occupational Health - economics Occupational Health - statistics & numerical data occupational injuries Occupational Injuries - economics Occupational Injuries - epidemiology permanent impairment permanent partial disability Regression Analysis Retrospective Studies return to work Return to Work - statistics & numerical data Salaries and Fringe Benefits - statistics & numerical data Staff participation unemployment vocational rehabilitation Wages & salaries Washington - epidemiology Workers Workers compensation Workers' Compensation - statistics & numerical data Young Adult |
| title | Initial return to work and long‐term employment patterns: Associations with work‐related permanent impairment and with participation in workers' compensation‐based return‐to‐work programs |
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