Analysis of the Molecular Signature of Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma in an Asian Patient

Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)-a new category of anaplastic large cell lymphoma associated with textured breast implants-has a distinct variation in incidence and is especially rare in Asia. We report the first case of BIA-ALCL in Korea and present its histological and genetic characteristics. A 44-year-old female patient presented with a typical clinical course and symptoms, including breast augmentation with textured breast implants, late-onset peri-implant effusion, and CD30+ALK- histology, followed by bilateral implant removal and total capsulectomy. For histological analysis, we performed immunohistochemistry of the bilateral breast capsules. For transcriptome analysis, we identified highly upregulated gene sets employing RNA-sequencing and characterized the lymphoma immune cell components. In the lymphoma-associated capsule, CD30+ cells infiltrated not only the lymphoma lesion but also the peritumoral lesion. The morphologies of the myofibroblasts and vessels in the peritumoral lesion were similar to those in the tumoral lesion. We observed strong activation of the JAK/STAT3 pathway and expression of programmed death ligand-1 in the lymphoma. Unlike the molecular profiles of BIA-ALCL samples from Caucasian patients-all of which contained activated CD4+ T cells-the Asian patient's profile was characterized by more abundant CD8+ T cells. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of BIA-ALCL in Asian patients that will ultimately facilitate the development of clinical therapies.