Unexpected Effects of Local Management and Landscape Composition on Predatory Mites and Their Food Resources in Vineyards

Simple Summary Sustainable agriculture becomes more important for biodiversity conservation and environmental protection. Viticulture is characterized by relatively high pesticide inputs, which could decrease arthropod populations and biological pest control in vineyards. This problem could be counteracted with management practices such as the implementation of diverse vegetation cover in the vineyard inter-rows, reduced pesticide input in integrated or organic vineyards, and a diverse landscape with trees and hedges. We examined the influence of these factors on predatory mites, which play a crucial role as natural enemies for pest mites on vines, and pollen as important alternative food source for predatory mites in 32 organic and integrated Austrian vineyards. Predatory mites benefited from integrated pesticide management and spontaneous vegetation cover in vineyard inter-rows. Pest mite populations were very low and sometimes completely absent on vines. This showed that agri-environmental schemes should consider less intensive pesticide use and spontaneous vegetation cover in the vineyard inter-row due to the beneficial effect on predatory mite populations and their related biological control potential in vineyards. Viticultural practices and landscape composition are the main drivers influencing biological pest control in vineyards. Predatory mites, mainly phytoseiid (Phytoseiidae) and tydeoid mites (Tydeidae), are important to control phytophagous mites (Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae) on vines. In the absence of arthropod prey, pollen is an important food source for predatory mites. In 32 paired vineyards located in Burgenland/Austria, we examined the effect of landscape composition, management type (organic/integrated), pesticide use, and cover crop diversity of the inter-row on the densities of phytoseiid, tydeoid, and phytophagous mites. In addition, we sampled pollen on vine leaves. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten was the main phytoseiid mite species and Tydeus goetzi Schruft the main tydeoid species. Interestingly, the area-related acute pesticide toxicity loading was higher in organic than in integrated vineyards. The densities of phytoseiid and tydeoid mites was higher in integrated vineyards and in vineyards with spontaneous vegetation. Their population also profited from an increased viticultural area at the landscape scale. Eriophyoid mite densities were extremely low across all vineyards and spider mites were absent. Biological pest control of