Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets
Non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to clinical trials. Here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. Macaques had clinica...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nature microbiology 2021-01, Vol.6 (1), p.73-86 |
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| creator | Singh, Dhiraj Kumar Singh, Bindu Ganatra, Shashank R. Gazi, Michal Cole, Journey Thippeshappa, Rajesh Alfson, Kendra J. Clemmons, Elizabeth Gonzalez, Olga Escobedo, Ruby Lee, Tae-Hyung Chatterjee, Ayan Goez-Gazi, Yenny Sharan, Riti Gough, Maya Alvarez, Cynthia Blakley, Alyssa Ferdin, Justin Bartley, Carmen Staples, Hilary Parodi, Laura Callery, Jessica Mannino, Amanda Klaffke, Benjamin Escareno, Priscilla Platt, Roy N. Hodara, Vida Scordo, Julia Gautam, Shalini Vilanova, Andreu G. Olmo-Fontanez, Angelica Schami, Alyssa Oyejide, Adelekan Ajithdoss, Dharani K. Copin, Richard Baum, Alina Kyratsous, Christos Alvarez, Xavier Ahmed, Mushtaq Rosa, Bruce Goodroe, Anna Dutton, John Hall-Ursone, Shannan Frost, Patrice A. Voges, Andra K. Ross, Corinna N. Sayers, Ken Chen, Christopher Hallam, Cory Khader, Shabaana A. Mitreva, Makedonka Anderson, Timothy J. C. Martinez-Sobrido, Luis Patterson, Jean L. Turner, Joanne Torrelles, Jordi B. Dick, Edward J. Brasky, Kathleen Schlesinger, Larry S. Giavedoni, Luis D. Carrion, Ricardo Kaushal, Deepak |
| description | Non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to clinical trials. Here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. Macaques had clinical signs of viral infection, mild to moderate pneumonitis and extra-pulmonary pathologies, and both age groups recovered in two weeks. Baboons had prolonged viral RNA shedding and substantially more lung inflammation compared with macaques. Inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage was increased in old versus young baboons. Using techniques including computed tomography imaging, immunophenotyping, and alveolar/peripheral cytokine response and immunohistochemical analyses, we delineated cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaque and baboon lungs, including innate and adaptive immune cells and a prominent type-I interferon response. Macaques developed T-cell memory phenotypes/responses and bystander cytokine production. Old macaques had lower titres of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody levels compared with young macaques. Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates the progression of COVID-19 in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.
Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates COVID-19 disease progression in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41564-020-00841-4 |
| format | Article |
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Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates COVID-19 disease progression in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2058-5276</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2058-5276</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-00841-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33340034</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>13/1 ; 13/21 ; 13/31 ; 13/51 ; 14/1 ; 14/19 ; 38/22 ; 38/23 ; 38/39 ; 38/90 ; 631/326/596/4130 ; 692/699/255/2514 ; Adaptive Immunity ; Alveoli ; Animal models ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral - immunology ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ; Bronchus ; Callithrix - immunology ; Clinical trials ; Computed tomography ; Coronaviridae ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging ; COVID-19 - immunology ; COVID-19 - pathology ; COVID-19 - veterinary ; Cytokines ; Female ; Humans ; Immune response ; Immune response (cell-mediated) ; Immunity, Cellular - immunology ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin G - immunology ; Immunological memory ; Infections ; Infectious Diseases ; Inflammation - pathology ; Interferon ; Life Sciences ; Lung - immunology ; Lung - virology ; Lungs ; Lymphocytes T ; Macaca mulatta - immunology ; Male ; Medical Microbiology ; Microbiology ; Monkey Diseases - immunology ; Monkey Diseases - virology ; Myeloid Cells - immunology ; Papio - immunology ; Parasitology ; Phenotypes ; Pneumonitis ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Vaccines ; Viral infections ; Viral Load ; Virology ; Virus Shedding</subject><ispartof>Nature microbiology, 2021-01, Vol.6 (1), p.73-86</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020. corrected publication 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2020. corrected publication 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-5266902bf6d985e1c201a066bcae32ac26a0367e5e8db11908e9b45edb24101c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-5266902bf6d985e1c201a066bcae32ac26a0367e5e8db11908e9b45edb24101c3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9572-3436 ; 0000-0002-2385-8718 ; 0000-0003-3521-1257 ; 0000-0001-5007-1163 ; 0000-0002-9754-5765 ; 0000-0001-7717-2183 ; 0000-0002-0840-7484 ; 0000-0001-7702-5941 ; 0000-0001-8069-8098 ; 0000-0001-7046-7683 ; 0000-0002-6301-2637 ; 0000-0003-2726-3989 ; 0000-0002-6820-446X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/s41564-020-00841-4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/s41564-020-00841-4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27903,27904,41467,42536,51297</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33340034$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Singh, Dhiraj Kumar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Singh, Bindu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ganatra, Shashank R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gazi, Michal</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cole, Journey</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Thippeshappa, Rajesh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alfson, Kendra J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Clemmons, Elizabeth</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonzalez, Olga</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Escobedo, Ruby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lee, Tae-Hyung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chatterjee, Ayan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goez-Gazi, Yenny</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharan, Riti</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gough, Maya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez, Cynthia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Blakley, Alyssa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferdin, Justin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bartley, Carmen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Staples, Hilary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parodi, Laura</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Callery, Jessica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mannino, Amanda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Klaffke, Benjamin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Escareno, Priscilla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Platt, Roy N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hodara, Vida</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scordo, Julia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gautam, Shalini</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vilanova, Andreu G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olmo-Fontanez, Angelica</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schami, Alyssa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oyejide, Adelekan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ajithdoss, Dharani K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Copin, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baum, Alina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kyratsous, Christos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alvarez, Xavier</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmed, Mushtaq</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosa, Bruce</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goodroe, Anna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dutton, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hall-Ursone, Shannan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frost, Patrice A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Voges, Andra K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ross, Corinna N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sayers, Ken</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hallam, Cory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khader, Shabaana A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mitreva, Makedonka</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, Timothy J. C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinez-Sobrido, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Jean L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Joanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torrelles, Jordi B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dick, Edward J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brasky, Kathleen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schlesinger, Larry S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giavedoni, Luis D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carrion, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaushal, Deepak</creatorcontrib><title>Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets</title><title>Nature microbiology</title><addtitle>Nat Microbiol</addtitle><addtitle>Nat Microbiol</addtitle><description>Non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to clinical trials. Here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. Macaques had clinical signs of viral infection, mild to moderate pneumonitis and extra-pulmonary pathologies, and both age groups recovered in two weeks. Baboons had prolonged viral RNA shedding and substantially more lung inflammation compared with macaques. Inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage was increased in old versus young baboons. Using techniques including computed tomography imaging, immunophenotyping, and alveolar/peripheral cytokine response and immunohistochemical analyses, we delineated cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaque and baboon lungs, including innate and adaptive immune cells and a prominent type-I interferon response. Macaques developed T-cell memory phenotypes/responses and bystander cytokine production. Old macaques had lower titres of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody levels compared with young macaques. Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates the progression of COVID-19 in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.
Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates COVID-19 disease progression in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.</description><subject>13/1</subject><subject>13/21</subject><subject>13/31</subject><subject>13/51</subject><subject>14/1</subject><subject>14/19</subject><subject>38/22</subject><subject>38/23</subject><subject>38/39</subject><subject>38/90</subject><subject>631/326/596/4130</subject><subject>692/699/255/2514</subject><subject>Adaptive Immunity</subject><subject>Alveoli</subject><subject>Animal models</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies, Viral - immunology</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Bronchoalveolar Lavage</subject><subject>Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid</subject><subject>Bronchus</subject><subject>Callithrix - immunology</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Computed tomography</subject><subject>Coronaviridae</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>COVID-19 - immunology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - pathology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - veterinary</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune response (cell-mediated)</subject><subject>Immunity, Cellular - immunology</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin G</subject><subject>Immunoglobulin G - immunology</subject><subject>Immunological memory</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subject>Inflammation - pathology</subject><subject>Interferon</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Lung - immunology</subject><subject>Lung - virology</subject><subject>Lungs</subject><subject>Lymphocytes T</subject><subject>Macaca mulatta - immunology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical Microbiology</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Monkey Diseases - immunology</subject><subject>Monkey Diseases - virology</subject><subject>Myeloid Cells - 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C. ; Martinez-Sobrido, Luis ; Patterson, Jean L. ; Turner, Joanne ; Torrelles, Jordi B. ; Dick, Edward J. ; Brasky, Kathleen ; Schlesinger, Larry S. ; Giavedoni, Luis D. ; Carrion, Ricardo ; Kaushal, Deepak</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-5266902bf6d985e1c201a066bcae32ac26a0367e5e8db11908e9b45edb24101c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>13/1</topic><topic>13/21</topic><topic>13/31</topic><topic>13/51</topic><topic>14/1</topic><topic>14/19</topic><topic>38/22</topic><topic>38/23</topic><topic>38/39</topic><topic>38/90</topic><topic>631/326/596/4130</topic><topic>692/699/255/2514</topic><topic>Adaptive Immunity</topic><topic>Alveoli</topic><topic>Animal models</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antibodies, Viral - immunology</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Bronchoalveolar Lavage</topic><topic>Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid</topic><topic>Bronchus</topic><topic>Callithrix - 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C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martinez-Sobrido, Luis</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Patterson, Jean L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Joanne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torrelles, Jordi B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dick, Edward J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brasky, Kathleen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schlesinger, Larry S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giavedoni, Luis D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carrion, Ricardo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaushal, Deepak</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nature microbiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Singh, Dhiraj Kumar</au><au>Singh, Bindu</au><au>Ganatra, Shashank R.</au><au>Gazi, Michal</au><au>Cole, Journey</au><au>Thippeshappa, Rajesh</au><au>Alfson, Kendra J.</au><au>Clemmons, Elizabeth</au><au>Gonzalez, Olga</au><au>Escobedo, Ruby</au><au>Lee, Tae-Hyung</au><au>Chatterjee, Ayan</au><au>Goez-Gazi, Yenny</au><au>Sharan, Riti</au><au>Gough, Maya</au><au>Alvarez, Cynthia</au><au>Blakley, Alyssa</au><au>Ferdin, Justin</au><au>Bartley, Carmen</au><au>Staples, Hilary</au><au>Parodi, Laura</au><au>Callery, Jessica</au><au>Mannino, Amanda</au><au>Klaffke, Benjamin</au><au>Escareno, Priscilla</au><au>Platt, Roy N.</au><au>Hodara, Vida</au><au>Scordo, Julia</au><au>Gautam, Shalini</au><au>Vilanova, Andreu G.</au><au>Olmo-Fontanez, Angelica</au><au>Schami, Alyssa</au><au>Oyejide, Adelekan</au><au>Ajithdoss, Dharani K.</au><au>Copin, Richard</au><au>Baum, Alina</au><au>Kyratsous, Christos</au><au>Alvarez, Xavier</au><au>Ahmed, Mushtaq</au><au>Rosa, Bruce</au><au>Goodroe, Anna</au><au>Dutton, John</au><au>Hall-Ursone, Shannan</au><au>Frost, Patrice A.</au><au>Voges, Andra K.</au><au>Ross, Corinna N.</au><au>Sayers, Ken</au><au>Chen, Christopher</au><au>Hallam, Cory</au><au>Khader, Shabaana A.</au><au>Mitreva, Makedonka</au><au>Anderson, Timothy J. C.</au><au>Martinez-Sobrido, Luis</au><au>Patterson, Jean L.</au><au>Turner, Joanne</au><au>Torrelles, Jordi B.</au><au>Dick, Edward J.</au><au>Brasky, Kathleen</au><au>Schlesinger, Larry S.</au><au>Giavedoni, Luis D.</au><au>Carrion, Ricardo</au><au>Kaushal, Deepak</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets</atitle><jtitle>Nature microbiology</jtitle><stitle>Nat Microbiol</stitle><addtitle>Nat Microbiol</addtitle><date>2021-01-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>73</spage><epage>86</epage><pages>73-86</pages><issn>2058-5276</issn><eissn>2058-5276</eissn><abstract>Non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to clinical trials. Here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. Macaques had clinical signs of viral infection, mild to moderate pneumonitis and extra-pulmonary pathologies, and both age groups recovered in two weeks. Baboons had prolonged viral RNA shedding and substantially more lung inflammation compared with macaques. Inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage was increased in old versus young baboons. Using techniques including computed tomography imaging, immunophenotyping, and alveolar/peripheral cytokine response and immunohistochemical analyses, we delineated cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaque and baboon lungs, including innate and adaptive immune cells and a prominent type-I interferon response. Macaques developed T-cell memory phenotypes/responses and bystander cytokine production. Old macaques had lower titres of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody levels compared with young macaques. Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates the progression of COVID-19 in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.
Acute respiratory distress in macaques and baboons recapitulates COVID-19 disease progression in humans, making them suitable as models to test vaccines and therapies.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>33340034</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41564-020-00841-4</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9572-3436</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2385-8718</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3521-1257</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5007-1163</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-5765</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7717-2183</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0840-7484</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-5941</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8069-8098</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7046-7683</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6301-2637</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2726-3989</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6820-446X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2058-5276 |
| ispartof | Nature microbiology, 2021-01, Vol.6 (1), p.73-86 |
| issn | 2058-5276 2058-5276 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7890948 |
| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | 13/1 13/21 13/31 13/51 14/1 14/19 38/22 38/23 38/39 38/90 631/326/596/4130 692/699/255/2514 Adaptive Immunity Alveoli Animal models Animals Antibodies, Viral - immunology Biomedical and Life Sciences Bronchoalveolar Lavage Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Bronchus Callithrix - immunology Clinical trials Computed tomography Coronaviridae Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - diagnostic imaging COVID-19 - immunology COVID-19 - pathology COVID-19 - veterinary Cytokines Female Humans Immune response Immune response (cell-mediated) Immunity, Cellular - immunology Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G - immunology Immunological memory Infections Infectious Diseases Inflammation - pathology Interferon Life Sciences Lung - immunology Lung - virology Lungs Lymphocytes T Macaca mulatta - immunology Male Medical Microbiology Microbiology Monkey Diseases - immunology Monkey Diseases - virology Myeloid Cells - immunology Papio - immunology Parasitology Phenotypes Pneumonitis Ribonucleic acid RNA SARS-CoV-2 - immunology Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Vaccines Viral infections Viral Load Virology Virus Shedding |
| title | Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets |
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