Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET
After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity ( ) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains ( ) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are...
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description | After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity (
) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (
) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining
. They are both related to the observation of the source and received
signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that
is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ma14030544 |
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) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (
) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining
. They are both related to the observation of the source and received
signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that
is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma14030544</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33498751</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Coefficients ; Curvature ; Design parameters ; Dynamic loads ; Earthquakes ; Grain size ; Laboratories ; Laboratory tests ; Mathematical analysis ; Propagation ; Quartz ; Research centers ; Research methodology ; S waves ; Sand ; Shear modulus ; Signal processing ; Soils ; Spectrum analysis ; Transmitters ; Travel time ; Velocity ; Wave velocity</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2021-01, Vol.14 (3), p.544</ispartof><rights>2021. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2021 by the authors. 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-3a98ce7dcd6ae3929ac48e87a2eb50130424f99a12195567ad7fa094e52c3c003</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-3a98ce7dcd6ae3929ac48e87a2eb50130424f99a12195567ad7fa094e52c3c003</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7616-6598 ; 0000-0002-5488-3297 ; 0000-0001-9766-090X ; 0000-0002-2039-6546</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7865503/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7865503/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27903,27904,53769,53771</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33498751$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gabryś, Katarzyna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soból, Emil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sas, Wojciech</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Šadzevičius, Raimondas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skominas, Rytis</creatorcontrib><title>Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET</title><title>Materials</title><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><description>After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity (
) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (
) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining
. They are both related to the observation of the source and received
signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that
is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size.</description><subject>Coefficients</subject><subject>Curvature</subject><subject>Design parameters</subject><subject>Dynamic loads</subject><subject>Earthquakes</subject><subject>Grain size</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Laboratory tests</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Propagation</subject><subject>Quartz</subject><subject>Research centers</subject><subject>Research methodology</subject><subject>S waves</subject><subject>Sand</subject><subject>Shear modulus</subject><subject>Signal processing</subject><subject>Soils</subject><subject>Spectrum analysis</subject><subject>Transmitters</subject><subject>Travel time</subject><subject>Velocity</subject><subject>Wave velocity</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkd9KHTEQxoO0qJx60weQgDelsDbZZP_kRmhP7ekBpZRj9TKM2Vk3srs5TbKKvkJf2hy01pqbCcxvhu-bj5D3nB0KodinAbhkghVSbpFdrlSZcSXlmxf_HbIXwjVLTwhe52qb7AghVV0VfJf8uQAf4JYuejAWevpzAh_v6QrGht7a2NGvtm3R4xjpwoMds5W9RzrvwIOJ6G2I1gS6oZcx0FWH4OkF3CA9x94ZG-9o691Az8FbNwW6HNPQ2mOEaN1ITzF2rgnUtfTL8dk78raFPuDeU52RX9-Oz-bfs5Mfi-X880lmJCtjJkDVBqvGNCWgULkCI2usK8jxsmBcMJnLVingOVdFUVbQVC0wJbHIjTDpCjNy9Lh3PV0O2JhkzkOv194O4O-0A6v_74y201fuRld1WRTpijPy4WmBd78nDFEPNhjsexgxudS5rHkplRJlQg9eoddu8mOyt6FykeSKOlEfHynjXQge22cxnOlNzPpfzAnefyn_Gf0bqngAKC2j0A</recordid><startdate>20210123</startdate><enddate>20210123</enddate><creator>Gabryś, Katarzyna</creator><creator>Soból, Emil</creator><creator>Sas, Wojciech</creator><creator>Šadzevičius, Raimondas</creator><creator>Skominas, Rytis</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6598</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-3297</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-090X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-6546</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210123</creationdate><title>Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET</title><author>Gabryś, Katarzyna ; Soból, Emil ; Sas, Wojciech ; Šadzevičius, Raimondas ; Skominas, Rytis</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-3a98ce7dcd6ae3929ac48e87a2eb50130424f99a12195567ad7fa094e52c3c003</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Coefficients</topic><topic>Curvature</topic><topic>Design parameters</topic><topic>Dynamic loads</topic><topic>Earthquakes</topic><topic>Grain size</topic><topic>Laboratories</topic><topic>Laboratory tests</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Propagation</topic><topic>Quartz</topic><topic>Research centers</topic><topic>Research methodology</topic><topic>S waves</topic><topic>Sand</topic><topic>Shear modulus</topic><topic>Signal processing</topic><topic>Soils</topic><topic>Spectrum analysis</topic><topic>Transmitters</topic><topic>Travel time</topic><topic>Velocity</topic><topic>Wave velocity</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gabryś, Katarzyna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Soból, Emil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sas, Wojciech</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Šadzevičius, Raimondas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Skominas, Rytis</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gabryś, Katarzyna</au><au>Soból, Emil</au><au>Sas, Wojciech</au><au>Šadzevičius, Raimondas</au><au>Skominas, Rytis</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET</atitle><jtitle>Materials</jtitle><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><date>2021-01-23</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>544</spage><pages>544-</pages><issn>1996-1944</issn><eissn>1996-1944</eissn><abstract>After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity (
) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (
) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining
. They are both related to the observation of the source and received
signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that
is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>33498751</pmid><doi>10.3390/ma14030544</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6598</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5488-3297</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9766-090X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-6546</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Coefficients Curvature Design parameters Dynamic loads Earthquakes Grain size Laboratories Laboratory tests Mathematical analysis Propagation Quartz Research centers Research methodology S waves Sand Shear modulus Signal processing Soils Spectrum analysis Transmitters Travel time Velocity Wave velocity |
title | Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET |
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