Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults
Sexual minority (SM) adults (those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual) consistently report more health problems compared to heterosexuals, and they tend to experience excess social stress. Although numerous studies have established links between social stress and clinical outcomes in SM adults, few s...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of behavioral medicine 2021-02, Vol.44 (1), p.53-65 |
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| creator | Wardecker, Britney M. Graham-Engeland, Jennifer E. Almeida, David M. |
| description | Sexual minority (SM) adults (those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual) consistently report more health problems compared to heterosexuals, and they tend to experience excess social stress. Although numerous studies have established links between social stress and clinical outcomes in SM adults, few studies have examined biological factors that may help explain how social stress leads to health disparities among SM adults. We used data from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) to examine whether two inflammatory markers that have been commonly associated with social stress—C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—differed by sexual orientation and whether any differences were explained by perceptions of discrimination. Participants self-identified as heterosexual (
n
= 1956) or lesbian, gay, or bisexual (
n
= 81). After controlling for age, gender, race, and education, SM individuals had higher CRP and IL-6 than heterosexuals on average and these differences were partially explained by perceptions of discrimination. Implications for inflammatory pathways as mechanisms related to SM health disparities and discrimination are discussed. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10865-020-00180-z |
| format | Article |
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n
= 1956) or lesbian, gay, or bisexual (
n
= 81). After controlling for age, gender, race, and education, SM individuals had higher CRP and IL-6 than heterosexuals on average and these differences were partially explained by perceptions of discrimination. Implications for inflammatory pathways as mechanisms related to SM health disparities and discrimination are discussed.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0160-7715</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-3521</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10865-020-00180-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32930919</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Springer US</publisher><subject>Adult ; Adults ; Biological markers ; Biomarkers ; Bisexuality ; C-reactive protein ; Clinical outcomes ; Development and progression ; Discrimination ; Discrimination against gays ; Family Medicine ; Female ; Gays & lesbians ; General Practice ; Health aspects ; Health disparities ; Health problems ; Health Psychology ; Heterosexuality ; Homosexuality ; Homosexuality, Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin 6 ; Lesbianism ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Midlife ; Minority groups ; Occupational stress ; Perceptions ; Psychological aspects ; Race ; Risk factors ; Sexual and Gender Minorities ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual minorities ; Sexual orientation ; Social interactions ; Social stress ; United States</subject><ispartof>Journal of behavioral medicine, 2021-02, Vol.44 (1), p.53-65</ispartof><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2021 Springer</rights><rights>Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-ce42374bb80588f18bca1bc0bb2b43ff3daf968adefe43af130646b5233848583</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-ce42374bb80588f18bca1bc0bb2b43ff3daf968adefe43af130646b5233848583</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10865-020-00180-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10865-020-00180-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,12825,27901,27902,30976,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930919$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Wardecker, Britney M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Graham-Engeland, Jennifer E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almeida, David M.</creatorcontrib><title>Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults</title><title>Journal of behavioral medicine</title><addtitle>J Behav Med</addtitle><addtitle>J Behav Med</addtitle><description>Sexual minority (SM) adults (those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual) consistently report more health problems compared to heterosexuals, and they tend to experience excess social stress. Although numerous studies have established links between social stress and clinical outcomes in SM adults, few studies have examined biological factors that may help explain how social stress leads to health disparities among SM adults. We used data from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) to examine whether two inflammatory markers that have been commonly associated with social stress—C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—differed by sexual orientation and whether any differences were explained by perceptions of discrimination. Participants self-identified as heterosexual (
n
= 1956) or lesbian, gay, or bisexual (
n
= 81). After controlling for age, gender, race, and education, SM individuals had higher CRP and IL-6 than heterosexuals on average and these differences were partially explained by perceptions of discrimination. Implications for inflammatory pathways as mechanisms related to SM health disparities and discrimination are discussed.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Adults</subject><subject>Biological markers</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Bisexuality</subject><subject>C-reactive protein</subject><subject>Clinical outcomes</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Discrimination</subject><subject>Discrimination against gays</subject><subject>Family Medicine</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gays & lesbians</subject><subject>General Practice</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Health disparities</subject><subject>Health problems</subject><subject>Health Psychology</subject><subject>Heterosexuality</subject><subject>Homosexuality</subject><subject>Homosexuality, Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Interleukin 6</subject><subject>Lesbianism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Midlife</subject><subject>Minority groups</subject><subject>Occupational stress</subject><subject>Perceptions</subject><subject>Psychological aspects</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Sexual and Gender Minorities</subject><subject>Sexual Behavior</subject><subject>Sexual minorities</subject><subject>Sexual orientation</subject><subject>Social interactions</subject><subject>Social stress</subject><subject>United 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discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults</title><author>Wardecker, Britney M. ; Graham-Engeland, Jennifer E. ; Almeida, David M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c579t-ce42374bb80588f18bca1bc0bb2b43ff3daf968adefe43af130646b5233848583</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Adults</topic><topic>Biological markers</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Bisexuality</topic><topic>C-reactive protein</topic><topic>Clinical outcomes</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Discrimination</topic><topic>Discrimination against gays</topic><topic>Family Medicine</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gays & lesbians</topic><topic>General Practice</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Health disparities</topic><topic>Health problems</topic><topic>Health Psychology</topic><topic>Heterosexuality</topic><topic>Homosexuality</topic><topic>Homosexuality, Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Interleukin 6</topic><topic>Lesbianism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Midlife</topic><topic>Minority groups</topic><topic>Occupational stress</topic><topic>Perceptions</topic><topic>Psychological aspects</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Sexual and Gender Minorities</topic><topic>Sexual Behavior</topic><topic>Sexual minorities</topic><topic>Sexual orientation</topic><topic>Social interactions</topic><topic>Social stress</topic><topic>United States</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Wardecker, Britney M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Graham-Engeland, Jennifer E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Almeida, David 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Jennifer E.</au><au>Almeida, David M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults</atitle><jtitle>Journal of behavioral medicine</jtitle><stitle>J Behav Med</stitle><addtitle>J Behav Med</addtitle><date>2021-02-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>44</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>53</spage><epage>65</epage><pages>53-65</pages><issn>0160-7715</issn><eissn>1573-3521</eissn><abstract>Sexual minority (SM) adults (those who are lesbian, gay, or bisexual) consistently report more health problems compared to heterosexuals, and they tend to experience excess social stress. Although numerous studies have established links between social stress and clinical outcomes in SM adults, few studies have examined biological factors that may help explain how social stress leads to health disparities among SM adults. We used data from the Midlife in the United States Study (MIDUS) to examine whether two inflammatory markers that have been commonly associated with social stress—C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—differed by sexual orientation and whether any differences were explained by perceptions of discrimination. Participants self-identified as heterosexual (
n
= 1956) or lesbian, gay, or bisexual (
n
= 81). After controlling for age, gender, race, and education, SM individuals had higher CRP and IL-6 than heterosexuals on average and these differences were partially explained by perceptions of discrimination. Implications for inflammatory pathways as mechanisms related to SM health disparities and discrimination are discussed.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Springer US</pub><pmid>32930919</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10865-020-00180-z</doi><tpages>13</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Adults Biological markers Biomarkers Bisexuality C-reactive protein Clinical outcomes Development and progression Discrimination Discrimination against gays Family Medicine Female Gays & lesbians General Practice Health aspects Health disparities Health problems Health Psychology Heterosexuality Homosexuality Homosexuality, Female Humans Inflammation Interleukin 6 Lesbianism Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Midlife Minority groups Occupational stress Perceptions Psychological aspects Race Risk factors Sexual and Gender Minorities Sexual Behavior Sexual minorities Sexual orientation Social interactions Social stress United States |
| title | Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults |
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