BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease
Disease outcomes are heterogeneous in Parkinson’s disease and may be predicted by gene variants. This study investigated if the BDNF rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with differential outcomes with specific pharmacotherapy treatment strategies in the “NIH Exploratory Trials...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Neurotherapeutics 2020-10, Vol.17 (4), p.1785-1795 |
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| creator | Fischer, D. Luke Auinger, Peggy Goudreau, John L. Cole-Strauss, Allyson Kieburtz, Karl Elm, Jordan J. Hacker, Mallory L. Charles, P. David Lipton, Jack W. Pickut, Barbara A. Sortwell, Caryl E. |
| description | Disease outcomes are heterogeneous in Parkinson’s disease and may be predicted by gene variants. This study investigated if the
BDNF
rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with differential outcomes with specific pharmacotherapy treatment strategies in the “NIH Exploratory Trials in PD Long-term Study 1” (NET-PD LS-1,
n
= 540). DNA samples were genotyped for the rs6265 SNP and others (rs11030094, rs10501087, rs1491850, rs908867, and rs1157659). The primary measures were the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and its motor component (UPDRS-III). Groups were divided by genotype and treatment regimen (levodopa monotherapy
vs
levodopa with other medications
vs
no levodopa). T allele carriers were associated with worse UPDRS outcomes compared to C/C subjects when treated with levodopa monotherapy (+ 6 points,
p
= 0.02) and to T allele carriers treated with no levodopa treatment strategies (UPDRS: + 8 points,
p
= 0.01; UPDRS-III: + 6 points,
p
= 0.01). Similar effects of worse outcomes associated with levodopa monotherapy were observed in the
BDNF
rs11030094, rs10501087, and rs1491850 SNPs. This study suggests the levodopa monotherapy strategy is associated with worse disease outcomes in
BDNF
rs6265 T carriers. Pending prospective validation,
BDNF
variants may be precision medicine factors to consider for symptomatic treatment decisions for early-stage PD patients. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s13311-020-00965-9 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7851242</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2484426518</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-55a3abdb5f286587c326f759b8a43728134e9a18d8d47ebd2bb91ab1a565a9f33</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUtuFDEQhi1ERELgAiyQJTbZGPxs2xukkAcgjQgSkK1V3e2eOPTYg92dKDuukevlJBgmCY8FK1uqr35X-UPoGaMvGaX6VWFCMEYop4RS2yhiH6AdZrQhWmr7sN6tEERzJrbR41LOKVVCWPMIbQvBmeJG7qDTN4cfjnEuDW8UPoUcIE54f5x8Lvhknrq08gVfhukML_xF6tMacIj4CPJ4RT5NsPT4I-SvIZYUb75fF3wYiofin6CtAcbin96eu-jL8dHng3dkcfL2_cH-gnRSy4koBQLavlUDN40yuhO8GbSyrQEpNDdMSG-Bmd70Uvu2521rGbQMVKPADkLsoteb3PXcrnzf-ThlGN06hxXkK5cguL8rMZy5Zbpw2ijGJa8Be7cBOX2bfZncKpTOjyNEn-biuGwEo1oyVdEX_6Dnac6xrlcpI2X9QWYqxTdUl1Mp2Q_3wzDqfmpzG22uanO_tDlbm57_ucZ9y52nCogNUGopLn3-_fZ_Yn8ASLKi9g</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2484426518</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Fischer, D. Luke ; Auinger, Peggy ; Goudreau, John L. ; Cole-Strauss, Allyson ; Kieburtz, Karl ; Elm, Jordan J. ; Hacker, Mallory L. ; Charles, P. David ; Lipton, Jack W. ; Pickut, Barbara A. ; Sortwell, Caryl E.</creator><creatorcontrib>Fischer, D. Luke ; Auinger, Peggy ; Goudreau, John L. ; Cole-Strauss, Allyson ; Kieburtz, Karl ; Elm, Jordan J. ; Hacker, Mallory L. ; Charles, P. David ; Lipton, Jack W. ; Pickut, Barbara A. ; Sortwell, Caryl E.</creatorcontrib><description>Disease outcomes are heterogeneous in Parkinson’s disease and may be predicted by gene variants. This study investigated if the
BDNF
rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with differential outcomes with specific pharmacotherapy treatment strategies in the “NIH Exploratory Trials in PD Long-term Study 1” (NET-PD LS-1,
n
= 540). DNA samples were genotyped for the rs6265 SNP and others (rs11030094, rs10501087, rs1491850, rs908867, and rs1157659). The primary measures were the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and its motor component (UPDRS-III). Groups were divided by genotype and treatment regimen (levodopa monotherapy
vs
levodopa with other medications
vs
no levodopa). T allele carriers were associated with worse UPDRS outcomes compared to C/C subjects when treated with levodopa monotherapy (+ 6 points,
p
= 0.02) and to T allele carriers treated with no levodopa treatment strategies (UPDRS: + 8 points,
p
= 0.01; UPDRS-III: + 6 points,
p
= 0.01). Similar effects of worse outcomes associated with levodopa monotherapy were observed in the
BDNF
rs11030094, rs10501087, and rs1491850 SNPs. This study suggests the levodopa monotherapy strategy is associated with worse disease outcomes in
BDNF
rs6265 T carriers. Pending prospective validation,
BDNF
variants may be precision medicine factors to consider for symptomatic treatment decisions for early-stage PD patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1933-7213</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1878-7479</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-7479</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00965-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33215284</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Alleles ; Antiparkinson Agents - therapeutic use ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - genetics ; Clinical trials ; Drug therapy ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Gene polymorphism ; Genetic Variation - genetics ; Humans ; Levodopa ; Levodopa - therapeutic use ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Medical treatment ; Movement disorders ; Neurobiology ; Neurodegenerative diseases ; Neurology ; Neurosciences ; Neurosurgery ; Original ; Original Article ; Parkinson Disease - diagnosis ; Parkinson Disease - drug therapy ; Parkinson Disease - genetics ; Parkinson's disease ; Precision medicine ; Retrospective Studies ; Single-nucleotide polymorphism ; Treatment Outcome</subject><ispartof>Neurotherapeutics, 2020-10, Vol.17 (4), p.1785-1795</ispartof><rights>The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. 2020</rights><rights>The American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, Inc. 2020.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-55a3abdb5f286587c326f759b8a43728134e9a18d8d47ebd2bb91ab1a565a9f33</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-55a3abdb5f286587c326f759b8a43728134e9a18d8d47ebd2bb91ab1a565a9f33</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2571-6753</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851242/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851242/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33215284$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Fischer, D. Luke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Auinger, Peggy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goudreau, John L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cole-Strauss, Allyson</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kieburtz, Karl</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elm, Jordan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hacker, Mallory L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charles, P. David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lipton, Jack W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pickut, Barbara A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sortwell, Caryl E.</creatorcontrib><title>BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease</title><title>Neurotherapeutics</title><addtitle>Neurotherapeutics</addtitle><addtitle>Neurotherapeutics</addtitle><description>Disease outcomes are heterogeneous in Parkinson’s disease and may be predicted by gene variants. This study investigated if the
BDNF
rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with differential outcomes with specific pharmacotherapy treatment strategies in the “NIH Exploratory Trials in PD Long-term Study 1” (NET-PD LS-1,
n
= 540). DNA samples were genotyped for the rs6265 SNP and others (rs11030094, rs10501087, rs1491850, rs908867, and rs1157659). The primary measures were the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and its motor component (UPDRS-III). Groups were divided by genotype and treatment regimen (levodopa monotherapy
vs
levodopa with other medications
vs
no levodopa). T allele carriers were associated with worse UPDRS outcomes compared to C/C subjects when treated with levodopa monotherapy (+ 6 points,
p
= 0.02) and to T allele carriers treated with no levodopa treatment strategies (UPDRS: + 8 points,
p
= 0.01; UPDRS-III: + 6 points,
p
= 0.01). Similar effects of worse outcomes associated with levodopa monotherapy were observed in the
BDNF
rs11030094, rs10501087, and rs1491850 SNPs. This study suggests the levodopa monotherapy strategy is associated with worse disease outcomes in
BDNF
rs6265 T carriers. Pending prospective validation,
BDNF
variants may be precision medicine factors to consider for symptomatic treatment decisions for early-stage PD patients.</description><subject>Alleles</subject><subject>Antiparkinson Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</subject><subject>Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - genetics</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Early Diagnosis</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gene polymorphism</subject><subject>Genetic Variation - genetics</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Levodopa</subject><subject>Levodopa - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Longitudinal Studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical treatment</subject><subject>Movement disorders</subject><subject>Neurobiology</subject><subject>Neurodegenerative diseases</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Neurosurgery</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Parkinson Disease - diagnosis</subject><subject>Parkinson Disease - drug therapy</subject><subject>Parkinson Disease - genetics</subject><subject>Parkinson's disease</subject><subject>Precision medicine</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>Single-nucleotide polymorphism</subject><subject>Treatment Outcome</subject><issn>1933-7213</issn><issn>1878-7479</issn><issn>1878-7479</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtuFDEQhi1ERELgAiyQJTbZGPxs2xukkAcgjQgSkK1V3e2eOPTYg92dKDuukevlJBgmCY8FK1uqr35X-UPoGaMvGaX6VWFCMEYop4RS2yhiH6AdZrQhWmr7sN6tEERzJrbR41LOKVVCWPMIbQvBmeJG7qDTN4cfjnEuDW8UPoUcIE54f5x8Lvhknrq08gVfhukML_xF6tMacIj4CPJ4RT5NsPT4I-SvIZYUb75fF3wYiofin6CtAcbin96eu-jL8dHng3dkcfL2_cH-gnRSy4koBQLavlUDN40yuhO8GbSyrQEpNDdMSG-Bmd70Uvu2521rGbQMVKPADkLsoteb3PXcrnzf-ThlGN06hxXkK5cguL8rMZy5Zbpw2ijGJa8Be7cBOX2bfZncKpTOjyNEn-biuGwEo1oyVdEX_6Dnac6xrlcpI2X9QWYqxTdUl1Mp2Q_3wzDqfmpzG22uanO_tDlbm57_ucZ9y52nCogNUGopLn3-_fZ_Yn8ASLKi9g</recordid><startdate>20201001</startdate><enddate>20201001</enddate><creator>Fischer, D. Luke</creator><creator>Auinger, Peggy</creator><creator>Goudreau, John L.</creator><creator>Cole-Strauss, Allyson</creator><creator>Kieburtz, Karl</creator><creator>Elm, Jordan J.</creator><creator>Hacker, Mallory L.</creator><creator>Charles, P. David</creator><creator>Lipton, Jack W.</creator><creator>Pickut, Barbara A.</creator><creator>Sortwell, Caryl E.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-6753</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201001</creationdate><title>BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease</title><author>Fischer, D. Luke ; Auinger, Peggy ; Goudreau, John L. ; Cole-Strauss, Allyson ; Kieburtz, Karl ; Elm, Jordan J. ; Hacker, Mallory L. ; Charles, P. David ; Lipton, Jack W. ; Pickut, Barbara A. ; Sortwell, Caryl E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-55a3abdb5f286587c326f759b8a43728134e9a18d8d47ebd2bb91ab1a565a9f33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Alleles</topic><topic>Antiparkinson Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Brain-derived neurotrophic factor</topic><topic>Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - genetics</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Drug therapy</topic><topic>Early Diagnosis</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gene polymorphism</topic><topic>Genetic Variation - genetics</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Levodopa</topic><topic>Levodopa - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Longitudinal Studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical treatment</topic><topic>Movement disorders</topic><topic>Neurobiology</topic><topic>Neurodegenerative diseases</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neurosciences</topic><topic>Neurosurgery</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Parkinson Disease - diagnosis</topic><topic>Parkinson Disease - drug therapy</topic><topic>Parkinson Disease - genetics</topic><topic>Parkinson's disease</topic><topic>Precision medicine</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>Single-nucleotide polymorphism</topic><topic>Treatment Outcome</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Fischer, D. Luke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Auinger, Peggy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goudreau, John L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cole-Strauss, Allyson</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kieburtz, Karl</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Elm, Jordan J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hacker, Mallory L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charles, P. David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lipton, Jack W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pickut, Barbara A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sortwell, Caryl E.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Neurotherapeutics</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Fischer, D. Luke</au><au>Auinger, Peggy</au><au>Goudreau, John L.</au><au>Cole-Strauss, Allyson</au><au>Kieburtz, Karl</au><au>Elm, Jordan J.</au><au>Hacker, Mallory L.</au><au>Charles, P. David</au><au>Lipton, Jack W.</au><au>Pickut, Barbara A.</au><au>Sortwell, Caryl E.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease</atitle><jtitle>Neurotherapeutics</jtitle><stitle>Neurotherapeutics</stitle><addtitle>Neurotherapeutics</addtitle><date>2020-10-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1785</spage><epage>1795</epage><pages>1785-1795</pages><issn>1933-7213</issn><issn>1878-7479</issn><eissn>1878-7479</eissn><abstract>Disease outcomes are heterogeneous in Parkinson’s disease and may be predicted by gene variants. This study investigated if the
BDNF
rs6265 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is associated with differential outcomes with specific pharmacotherapy treatment strategies in the “NIH Exploratory Trials in PD Long-term Study 1” (NET-PD LS-1,
n
= 540). DNA samples were genotyped for the rs6265 SNP and others (rs11030094, rs10501087, rs1491850, rs908867, and rs1157659). The primary measures were the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and its motor component (UPDRS-III). Groups were divided by genotype and treatment regimen (levodopa monotherapy
vs
levodopa with other medications
vs
no levodopa). T allele carriers were associated with worse UPDRS outcomes compared to C/C subjects when treated with levodopa monotherapy (+ 6 points,
p
= 0.02) and to T allele carriers treated with no levodopa treatment strategies (UPDRS: + 8 points,
p
= 0.01; UPDRS-III: + 6 points,
p
= 0.01). Similar effects of worse outcomes associated with levodopa monotherapy were observed in the
BDNF
rs11030094, rs10501087, and rs1491850 SNPs. This study suggests the levodopa monotherapy strategy is associated with worse disease outcomes in
BDNF
rs6265 T carriers. Pending prospective validation,
BDNF
variants may be precision medicine factors to consider for symptomatic treatment decisions for early-stage PD patients.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33215284</pmid><doi>10.1007/s13311-020-00965-9</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2571-6753</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | Alleles Antiparkinson Agents - therapeutic use Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - genetics Clinical trials Drug therapy Early Diagnosis Female Gene polymorphism Genetic Variation - genetics Humans Levodopa Levodopa - therapeutic use Longitudinal Studies Male Medical treatment Movement disorders Neurobiology Neurodegenerative diseases Neurology Neurosciences Neurosurgery Original Original Article Parkinson Disease - diagnosis Parkinson Disease - drug therapy Parkinson Disease - genetics Parkinson's disease Precision medicine Retrospective Studies Single-nucleotide polymorphism Treatment Outcome |
| title | BDNF rs6265 Variant Alters Outcomes with Levodopa in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease |
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