Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners
Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school-aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly de...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of athletic training 2020-12, Vol.55 (12), p.1239-1246 |
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| creator | Rauh, Mitchell J Tenforde, Adam S Barrack, Michelle T Rosenthal, Michael D Nichols, Jeanne F |
| description | Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school-aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly described.
To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners.
Cross-sectional study.
Six high schools.
Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication.
Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age.
Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < -1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD.
A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.4085/1062-6050-0547.19 |
| format | Article |
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To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners.
Cross-sectional study.
Six high schools.
Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication.
Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age.
Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < -1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD.
A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1062-6050</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1938-162X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0547.19</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33176358</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Athletic Trainers Association</publisher><subject>Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adolescent ; Athletes ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Bone Density ; Bone Diseases, Metabolic - epidemiology ; Coaches & managers ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Females ; Fractures ; High Schools ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Original Research ; Participation ; Population ; Questionnaires ; Running ; School districts ; Schools ; Secondary schools ; Specialization ; Sports injuries ; Teenagers ; Track & field ; Track and Field</subject><ispartof>Journal of athletic training, 2020-12, Vol.55 (12), p.1239-1246</ispartof><rights>by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright National Athletic Trainers Association Dec 2020</rights><rights>by the National Athletic Trainers' Association, Inc 2020 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c427t-a3c59729a052820e1ebe61a94ee17ba98235f8e6b0ffd7db92d3a86f4f78939b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c427t-a3c59729a052820e1ebe61a94ee17ba98235f8e6b0ffd7db92d3a86f4f78939b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7740056/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7740056/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176358$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rauh, Mitchell J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenforde, Adam S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barrack, Michelle T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosenthal, Michael D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nichols, Jeanne F</creatorcontrib><title>Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners</title><title>Journal of athletic training</title><addtitle>J Athl Train</addtitle><description>Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school-aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly described.
To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners.
Cross-sectional study.
Six high schools.
Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication.
Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age.
Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < -1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD.
A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners.</description><subject>Absorptiometry, Photon</subject><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Athletes</subject><subject>Body Composition</subject><subject>Body Mass Index</subject><subject>Body Weight</subject><subject>Bone Density</subject><subject>Bone Diseases, Metabolic - epidemiology</subject><subject>Coaches & managers</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Fractures</subject><subject>High Schools</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Menstruation</subject><subject>Original Research</subject><subject>Participation</subject><subject>Population</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Running</subject><subject>School districts</subject><subject>Schools</subject><subject>Secondary schools</subject><subject>Specialization</subject><subject>Sports injuries</subject><subject>Teenagers</subject><subject>Track & field</subject><subject>Track and Field</subject><issn>1062-6050</issn><issn>1938-162X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUtv1TAQhS0EoqXlB7BBlth0kzK249cGCQp9SBch9YLUneUkk15XufYlTorKr8dRHwJWM9L55mhmDiFvGBzXYOR7BopXCiRUIGt9zOwzss-sMBVT_Op56R_1PfIq5xsAxqVVL8meEEwrIc0-uVrv0jjR9Q7b4Ifw208hRepjR1fpF_2UItKvIeLoB_oZYw7THQ2RnuLWD0jPw_WGrttNSkUNefKxRXo5x8LnQ_Ki90PG1w_1gPw4_fL95LxafTu7OPm4qtqa66nyopVWc-tBcsMBGTaomLc1ItONt4YL2RtUDfR9p7vG8k54o_q618YK24gD8uHedzc3W-xajFNZ1u3GsPXjnUs-uH-VGDbuOt06rWsAqYrB0YPBmH7OmCe3DbnFYfAR05wdrxWAYQxEQd_9h96keYzlvELp5b1W2kKxe6odU84j9k_LMHBLbm7JxS25uCU3x5aZt39f8TTxGJT4A99QkzM</recordid><startdate>20201201</startdate><enddate>20201201</enddate><creator>Rauh, Mitchell J</creator><creator>Tenforde, Adam S</creator><creator>Barrack, Michelle T</creator><creator>Rosenthal, Michael D</creator><creator>Nichols, Jeanne F</creator><general>National Athletic Trainers Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4U-</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20201201</creationdate><title>Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners</title><author>Rauh, Mitchell J ; Tenforde, Adam S ; Barrack, Michelle T ; Rosenthal, Michael D ; Nichols, Jeanne F</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c427t-a3c59729a052820e1ebe61a94ee17ba98235f8e6b0ffd7db92d3a86f4f78939b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Absorptiometry, Photon</topic><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Athletes</topic><topic>Body Composition</topic><topic>Body Mass Index</topic><topic>Body Weight</topic><topic>Bone Density</topic><topic>Bone Diseases, Metabolic - epidemiology</topic><topic>Coaches & managers</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Fractures</topic><topic>High Schools</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Menstruation</topic><topic>Original Research</topic><topic>Participation</topic><topic>Population</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Running</topic><topic>School districts</topic><topic>Schools</topic><topic>Secondary schools</topic><topic>Specialization</topic><topic>Sports injuries</topic><topic>Teenagers</topic><topic>Track & field</topic><topic>Track and Field</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rauh, Mitchell J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tenforde, Adam S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Barrack, Michelle T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rosenthal, Michael D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nichols, Jeanne F</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Database</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of athletic training</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rauh, Mitchell J</au><au>Tenforde, Adam S</au><au>Barrack, Michelle T</au><au>Rosenthal, Michael D</au><au>Nichols, Jeanne F</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners</atitle><jtitle>Journal of athletic training</jtitle><addtitle>J Athl Train</addtitle><date>2020-12-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>55</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>1239</spage><epage>1246</epage><pages>1239-1246</pages><issn>1062-6050</issn><eissn>1938-162X</eissn><abstract>Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school-aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly described.
To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners.
Cross-sectional study.
Six high schools.
Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication.
Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age.
Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < -1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD.
A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Athletic Trainers Association</pub><pmid>33176358</pmid><doi>10.4085/1062-6050-0547.19</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Journal of athletic training, 2020-12, Vol.55 (12), p.1239-1246 |
| issn | 1062-6050 1938-162X |
| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection; Free E- Journals |
| subjects | Absorptiometry, Photon Adolescent Athletes Body Composition Body Mass Index Body Weight Bone Density Bone Diseases, Metabolic - epidemiology Coaches & managers Cross-Sectional Studies Female Females Fractures High Schools Humans Menstruation Original Research Participation Population Questionnaires Running School districts Schools Secondary schools Specialization Sports injuries Teenagers Track & field Track and Field |
| title | Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners |
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