Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data
Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentr...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of environmental health science and engineering 2020-12, Vol.18 (2), p.1029-1035 |
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| description | Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentrations of PM
2.5
(particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM
2.5
from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM
2.5
, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM
2.5
in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM
2.5
in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM
2.5
in the rural areas (
p
= 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM
2.5
. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM
2.5
(
p
= 0.02) and societal safety (
p
= 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM
2.5
in
rural area remained significant (
p
= 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM
2.5
the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40201-020-00524-6 |
| format | Article |
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2.5
(particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM
2.5
from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM
2.5
, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM
2.5
in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM
2.5
in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM
2.5
in the rural areas (
p
= 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM
2.5
. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM
2.5
(
p
= 0.02) and societal safety (
p
= 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM
2.5
in
rural area remained significant (
p
= 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM
2.5
the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2052-336X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2052-336X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00524-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33312621</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Air pollution ; Analysis ; Banks (Finance) ; Correlation coefficient ; Correlation coefficients ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecological studies ; Environment ; Environmental Economics ; Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology ; Environmental Health ; Environmental impact ; Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice ; Multivariate analysis ; Particulate emissions ; Particulate matter ; Quality of Life Research ; Regression analysis ; Research Article ; Rural areas ; Safety ; Tourism ; Tourism promotion ; Tourists ; Travel industry ; Urban areas ; Waste Management/Waste Technology ; Websites</subject><ispartof>Journal of environmental health science and engineering, 2020-12, Vol.18 (2), p.1029-1035</ispartof><rights>Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020</rights><rights>Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright BioMed Central 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4566-bb963c005c5bea72735902c80fa5dba64d68f886774c716ea3fa3b532835cb7f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4566-bb963c005c5bea72735902c80fa5dba64d68f886774c716ea3fa3b532835cb7f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7721785/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7721785/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33312621$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Hemmati, Farhad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dabbaghi, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmoudi, Ghahraman</creatorcontrib><title>Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data</title><title>Journal of environmental health science and engineering</title><addtitle>J Environ Health Sci Engineer</addtitle><addtitle>J Environ Health Sci Eng</addtitle><description>Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentrations of PM
2.5
(particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM
2.5
from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM
2.5
, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM
2.5
in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM
2.5
in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM
2.5
in the rural areas (
p
= 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM
2.5
. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM
2.5
(
p
= 0.02) and societal safety (
p
= 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM
2.5
in
rural area remained significant (
p
= 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM
2.5
the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned.</description><subject>Air pollution</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Banks (Finance)</subject><subject>Correlation coefficient</subject><subject>Correlation coefficients</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecological studies</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Economics</subject><subject>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental impact</subject><subject>Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice</subject><subject>Multivariate analysis</subject><subject>Particulate emissions</subject><subject>Particulate matter</subject><subject>Quality of Life Research</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Safety</subject><subject>Tourism</subject><subject>Tourism promotion</subject><subject>Tourists</subject><subject>Travel industry</subject><subject>Urban areas</subject><subject>Waste Management/Waste Technology</subject><subject>Websites</subject><issn>2052-336X</issn><issn>2052-336X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9UV1rFTEQXUSxpfYP-CABn_c2H5tkrw9CKWqFSkUUfQtJdnKbsptck71K_73Tbu0HiAQmw8w5h5k5TfOS0RWjVB_VjnLKWgwtpZJ3rXrS7HPMWiHUj6cP8r3msNZLSimjQvRr-bzZE0Iwrjjbb9IXGO0cc6oXcUsczL8BEolphpJu6nYkc96VWCdi00B8Th7SXBYOyYF8_kT4Sr7BLgGfx7yJHjl13g1XxNkKA8mJfD89J4Od7YvmWbBjhcPb_6D59v7d15PT9uz8w8eT47PWd1Kp1rm1Eh738tKB1VwLuabc9zRYOTirukH1oe-V1p3XTIEVwQonBe-F9E4HcdC8XXS3OzfBsIw8mm2Jky1XJttoHndSvDCb_MtozZnuJQq8vhUo-ecO6mwu8Qp4jWoEU6Lna67YPWpjRzAxhYxiforVm2MlJO3QKY6o1T9Q-AaYIh4UQsT6IwJfCL7kWguEu8EZNdfum8V9g8HcuG8Ukl49XPmO8tdrBIgFULGVNlDuV_qP7B8IIrl7</recordid><startdate>20201201</startdate><enddate>20201201</enddate><creator>Hemmati, Farhad</creator><creator>Dabbaghi, Fatemeh</creator><creator>Mahmoudi, Ghahraman</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20201201</creationdate><title>Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data</title><author>Hemmati, Farhad ; Dabbaghi, Fatemeh ; Mahmoudi, Ghahraman</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4566-bb963c005c5bea72735902c80fa5dba64d68f886774c716ea3fa3b532835cb7f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Air pollution</topic><topic>Analysis</topic><topic>Banks (Finance)</topic><topic>Correlation coefficient</topic><topic>Correlation coefficients</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Ecological studies</topic><topic>Environment</topic><topic>Environmental Economics</topic><topic>Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology</topic><topic>Environmental Health</topic><topic>Environmental impact</topic><topic>Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice</topic><topic>Multivariate analysis</topic><topic>Particulate emissions</topic><topic>Particulate matter</topic><topic>Quality of Life Research</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Safety</topic><topic>Tourism</topic><topic>Tourism promotion</topic><topic>Tourists</topic><topic>Travel industry</topic><topic>Urban areas</topic><topic>Waste Management/Waste Technology</topic><topic>Websites</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hemmati, Farhad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dabbaghi, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mahmoudi, Ghahraman</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of environmental health science and engineering</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hemmati, Farhad</au><au>Dabbaghi, Fatemeh</au><au>Mahmoudi, Ghahraman</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data</atitle><jtitle>Journal of environmental health science and engineering</jtitle><stitle>J Environ Health Sci Engineer</stitle><addtitle>J Environ Health Sci Eng</addtitle><date>2020-12-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>1029</spage><epage>1035</epage><pages>1029-1035</pages><issn>2052-336X</issn><eissn>2052-336X</eissn><abstract>Tourism is regarded as a major global industry. Given the importance of identifying factors affecting the tourism industry and attracting international tourists, the present ecological study explored the impact of environmental pollution on the number of international tourists arrival using concentrations of PM
2.5
(particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in size) in a multivariate framework under the context of 190 countries. Using panel data from 190 countries, the author explored the data on the number of international tourists arriving in countries in 2017 extracted from the World Bank (WB) website, and obtained the information about the concentrations of PM
2.5
from the World Health Organization (WHO) website. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis were used to examine the correlation of the number of tourists with the variables of daily concentrations of PM
2.5
, societal safety, international conflict, and the relationship of tourist arrival with the studied variables, respectively. The number of countries with low, moderate, and high concentrations of PM
2.5
in urban areas was 33, 116, and 41, respectively. This numbers for rural areas was 47, 102, and 42 countries, respectively. The mean concentrations of PM
2.5
in the surveyed countries was 23.90 ± 15.81 and 25.69 ± 16.76 for rural and urban areas, respectively. The estimation results revealed that there was a significant correlation between the number of tourists with the concentrations of PM
2.5
in the rural areas (
p
= 0.01). There was also a significant relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the concentration of PM
2.5
. A significant relationship was observed in the results of univariate linear regression analysis between tourist arrival with rural concentrations of PM
2.5
(
p
= 0.02) and societal safety (
p
= 0.003). After adjusting the effect of societal safety variables, domestic and international conflict, the relationship between tourist arrivals and concentrations of PM
2.5
in
rural area remained significant (
p
= 0.02). The results imply that by reducing the concentration of PM
2.5
the positive attitude of tourists for traveling to countries with healthy air can be earned.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33312621</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40201-020-00524-6</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | SpringerLink Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Air pollution Analysis Banks (Finance) Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficients Earth and Environmental Science Ecological studies Environment Environmental Economics Environmental Engineering/Biotechnology Environmental Health Environmental impact Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice Multivariate analysis Particulate emissions Particulate matter Quality of Life Research Regression analysis Research Article Rural areas Safety Tourism Tourism promotion Tourists Travel industry Urban areas Waste Management/Waste Technology Websites |
| title | Relationship between international tourism and concentrations of PM 2.5: an ecological study based on WHO data |
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