Acid‐base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach
Objectives To investigate the acid‐base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3− and to determine whether clinical, acid‐base, and biochemical variables on admission...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of veterinary internal medicine 2020-11, Vol.34 (6), p.2776-2786 |
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| container_title | Journal of veterinary internal medicine |
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| creator | Gomez, Diego E. Bedford, Sofia Darby, Shannon Palmisano, Megan MacKay, Robert J. Renaud, David L. |
| description | Objectives
To investigate the acid‐base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3− and to determine whether clinical, acid‐base, and biochemical variables on admission are associated with the mortality of sick goats.
Animals
One hundred forty‐three sick goats.
Methods
Retrospective study. Calculated sSID variables included SID using 6 electrolytes unmeasured strong ions (USI) and the total nonvolatile buffer ion concentration in plasma (Atot). The relationship between measured blood pH and HCO3−, and the sSID variables was examined using forward stepwise linear regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess associations between potential predictor variables and mortality of goats during hospitalization.
Results
Hypocapnia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperproteinemia were common abnormalities identified in sick goats. Respiratory alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, and Atot acidosis were acid‐base disorders frequently encountered in sick goats. In sick goats, the sSID variables explained 97% and 100% of the changes in blood pH and HCO3−, respectively. The results indicated that changes in the respiratory rate ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/jvim.15956 |
| format | Article |
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To investigate the acid‐base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3− and to determine whether clinical, acid‐base, and biochemical variables on admission are associated with the mortality of sick goats.
Animals
One hundred forty‐three sick goats.
Methods
Retrospective study. Calculated sSID variables included SID using 6 electrolytes unmeasured strong ions (USI) and the total nonvolatile buffer ion concentration in plasma (Atot). The relationship between measured blood pH and HCO3−, and the sSID variables was examined using forward stepwise linear regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess associations between potential predictor variables and mortality of goats during hospitalization.
Results
Hypocapnia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperproteinemia were common abnormalities identified in sick goats. Respiratory alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, and Atot acidosis were acid‐base disorders frequently encountered in sick goats. In sick goats, the sSID variables explained 97% and 100% of the changes in blood pH and HCO3−, respectively. The results indicated that changes in the respiratory rate (<16 respirations per minute), USI, and pH at admission were associated with increased hazard of hospital mortality in sick goats.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The sSID approach is a useful methodology to quantify acid‐base disorders in goats and to determine the mechanisms of their development. Clinicians should consider calculation of USI in sick goats as part of the battery of information required to establish prognosis.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0891-6640</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1939-1676</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-1676</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15956</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33140905</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Acid-Base Equilibrium ; Acid-Base Imbalance - veterinary ; Acids ; Animals ; Carbon dioxide ; Cattle ; clinical pathology ; Creatinine ; Electrolytes ; FOOD AND FIBER ; Glucose ; Goat Diseases ; Goats ; haemonchus ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; hyperlactatemia ; Ions ; Measurement techniques ; Mortality ; Plasma ; pregnancy toxemia ; Proteins ; Retrospective Studies ; strong ion difference ; unmeasured anions ; urolithiasis ; Variables</subject><ispartof>Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2020-11, Vol.34 (6), p.2776-2786</ispartof><rights>2020 The Authors. published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.</rights><rights>2020 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.</rights><rights>2020. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4486-a55fa15e847f9f8db015fb038d4f77e8b7a2a3815079a37696fa118b614c2a783</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4486-a55fa15e847f9f8db015fb038d4f77e8b7a2a3815079a37696fa118b614c2a783</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7495-4868</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7694813/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7694813/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,1411,11543,27903,27904,45553,45554,46030,46454,53769,53771</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140905$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gomez, Diego E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bedford, Sofia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darby, Shannon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palmisano, Megan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacKay, Robert J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Renaud, David L.</creatorcontrib><title>Acid‐base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach</title><title>Journal of veterinary internal medicine</title><addtitle>J Vet Intern Med</addtitle><description>Objectives
To investigate the acid‐base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3− and to determine whether clinical, acid‐base, and biochemical variables on admission are associated with the mortality of sick goats.
Animals
One hundred forty‐three sick goats.
Methods
Retrospective study. Calculated sSID variables included SID using 6 electrolytes unmeasured strong ions (USI) and the total nonvolatile buffer ion concentration in plasma (Atot). The relationship between measured blood pH and HCO3−, and the sSID variables was examined using forward stepwise linear regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess associations between potential predictor variables and mortality of goats during hospitalization.
Results
Hypocapnia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperproteinemia were common abnormalities identified in sick goats. Respiratory alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, and Atot acidosis were acid‐base disorders frequently encountered in sick goats. In sick goats, the sSID variables explained 97% and 100% of the changes in blood pH and HCO3−, respectively. The results indicated that changes in the respiratory rate (<16 respirations per minute), USI, and pH at admission were associated with increased hazard of hospital mortality in sick goats.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The sSID approach is a useful methodology to quantify acid‐base disorders in goats and to determine the mechanisms of their development. Clinicians should consider calculation of USI in sick goats as part of the battery of information required to establish prognosis.</description><subject>Acid-Base Equilibrium</subject><subject>Acid-Base Imbalance - veterinary</subject><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Cattle</subject><subject>clinical pathology</subject><subject>Creatinine</subject><subject>Electrolytes</subject><subject>FOOD AND FIBER</subject><subject>Glucose</subject><subject>Goat Diseases</subject><subject>Goats</subject><subject>haemonchus</subject><subject>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</subject><subject>hyperlactatemia</subject><subject>Ions</subject><subject>Measurement techniques</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Plasma</subject><subject>pregnancy toxemia</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>strong ion difference</subject><subject>unmeasured anions</subject><subject>urolithiasis</subject><subject>Variables</subject><issn>0891-6640</issn><issn>1939-1676</issn><issn>1939-1676</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp90ctu1DAUBmALUdFpYcMDIEtsEFKKnfgWFkijikurIjbA1jpx7BkPSZzaSavZ9RF4Rp4ET6dUhQXeeOHPv87Rj9BzSk5oPm82V74_obzm4hFa0LqqCyqkeIwWRNW0EIKRQ3SU0oaQknMun6DDqqKM1IQv0Lw0vv1187OBZHHrU4itjQn7ASdvfuBVgClhGFo8ra2PGFIKxsPkw4Cv_bTGfYgTdH7avsXL_KUfO--8bXGaYhhWeOda75yNdjAWwzjGAGb9FB046JJ9dncfo28f3n89_VRcfPl4drq8KAxjShTAuQPKrWLS1U61DaHcNaRSLXNSWtVIKKFSlBNZQyVFLTKnqhGUmRKkqo7Ru33uODe9bY0dpgidHqPvIW51AK__fhn8Wq_Clc5ZTNEqB7y6C4jhcrZp0r1PxnYdDDbMSZeMy1JKxUimL_-hmzDHIa-XlWCClFSxrF7vlYkhpWjd_TCU6F2betemvm0z4xcPx7-nf-rLgO7Bte_s9j9R-vz72ed96G-qQq1Z</recordid><startdate>202011</startdate><enddate>202011</enddate><creator>Gomez, Diego E.</creator><creator>Bedford, Sofia</creator><creator>Darby, Shannon</creator><creator>Palmisano, Megan</creator><creator>MacKay, Robert J.</creator><creator>Renaud, David L.</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7495-4868</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202011</creationdate><title>Acid‐base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach</title><author>Gomez, Diego E. ; Bedford, Sofia ; Darby, Shannon ; Palmisano, Megan ; MacKay, Robert J. ; Renaud, David L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4486-a55fa15e847f9f8db015fb038d4f77e8b7a2a3815079a37696fa118b614c2a783</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Acid-Base Equilibrium</topic><topic>Acid-Base Imbalance - veterinary</topic><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Cattle</topic><topic>clinical pathology</topic><topic>Creatinine</topic><topic>Electrolytes</topic><topic>FOOD AND FIBER</topic><topic>Glucose</topic><topic>Goat Diseases</topic><topic>Goats</topic><topic>haemonchus</topic><topic>Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</topic><topic>hyperlactatemia</topic><topic>Ions</topic><topic>Measurement techniques</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Plasma</topic><topic>pregnancy toxemia</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>strong ion difference</topic><topic>unmeasured anions</topic><topic>urolithiasis</topic><topic>Variables</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gomez, Diego E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bedford, Sofia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darby, Shannon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Palmisano, Megan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacKay, Robert J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Renaud, David L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley Online Library Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of veterinary internal medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gomez, Diego E.</au><au>Bedford, Sofia</au><au>Darby, Shannon</au><au>Palmisano, Megan</au><au>MacKay, Robert J.</au><au>Renaud, David L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Acid‐base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach</atitle><jtitle>Journal of veterinary internal medicine</jtitle><addtitle>J Vet Intern Med</addtitle><date>2020-11</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>34</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>2776</spage><epage>2786</epage><pages>2776-2786</pages><issn>0891-6640</issn><issn>1939-1676</issn><eissn>1939-1676</eissn><abstract>Objectives
To investigate the acid‐base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3− and to determine whether clinical, acid‐base, and biochemical variables on admission are associated with the mortality of sick goats.
Animals
One hundred forty‐three sick goats.
Methods
Retrospective study. Calculated sSID variables included SID using 6 electrolytes unmeasured strong ions (USI) and the total nonvolatile buffer ion concentration in plasma (Atot). The relationship between measured blood pH and HCO3−, and the sSID variables was examined using forward stepwise linear regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess associations between potential predictor variables and mortality of goats during hospitalization.
Results
Hypocapnia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperproteinemia were common abnormalities identified in sick goats. Respiratory alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, and Atot acidosis were acid‐base disorders frequently encountered in sick goats. In sick goats, the sSID variables explained 97% and 100% of the changes in blood pH and HCO3−, respectively. The results indicated that changes in the respiratory rate (<16 respirations per minute), USI, and pH at admission were associated with increased hazard of hospital mortality in sick goats.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
The sSID approach is a useful methodology to quantify acid‐base disorders in goats and to determine the mechanisms of their development. Clinicians should consider calculation of USI in sick goats as part of the battery of information required to establish prognosis.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, USA</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>33140905</pmid><doi>10.1111/jvim.15956</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7495-4868</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Open Access; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Acid-Base Equilibrium Acid-Base Imbalance - veterinary Acids Animals Carbon dioxide Cattle clinical pathology Creatinine Electrolytes FOOD AND FIBER Glucose Goat Diseases Goats haemonchus Hydrogen-Ion Concentration hyperlactatemia Ions Measurement techniques Mortality Plasma pregnancy toxemia Proteins Retrospective Studies strong ion difference unmeasured anions urolithiasis Variables |
| title | Acid‐base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach |
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