A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran
Crystal (methamphetamine) is a strong stimulant of addictive substances that affects the central nervous system. The consumption of this substance is increasing among teenagers and adult young people in the country. In this matter, one of the practical and important ways to its control is to identif...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BMC public health 2020-11, Vol.20 (1), p.1773, Article 1773 |
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| creator | Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin Zarghami, Fatemeh Shahryari, Ali Mohammadinia, Ali Ebrahimi, Mohsen Jorjani, Teimoor Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib Charkazi, Abdurrahman |
| description | Crystal (methamphetamine) is a strong stimulant of addictive substances that affects the central nervous system. The consumption of this substance is increasing among teenagers and adult young people in the country. In this matter, one of the practical and important ways to its control is to identify the factors leading to its first use. Thus this paper, explores the factors related to the first crystal use in Golestan province, Iran.
In a qualitative study, 19 crystal users were recruited in the study conducted in Golestan province by snowball sampling from DIC (Drop-In Center) in addiction treatment centers. The interviews were mostly carried out individually with the participants; only one interview was conducted in an addiction treatment camp in the form of a group-focused discussion. Data analysis was implemented through content analysis in MAXQDA 10 software.
The mean age of the participants was 35.05 ± 6.06 years with a range of 23-46 years. Meanwhile, the mean of crystal use period was 7.42 (SD: 3.61) and a range of 1-14 years. Based on the obtained data, the reasons for first crystal use could be categorized in six; 1: "crystal use to other drugs rehabilitation"; 2: "Lack of awareness of the addictive nature of crystal"; 3: "stimulating curiosity in public with crystal-use friends", 4: affordable and convenient use", 5: "anti-sleeping effects and increasing work efficiency", and 6: "therapeutic and other misconceptions"".
The results indicated that crystal is mostly abused to opium rehabilitation. The lack of awareness and misconceptions about this substance can lead people to crystal use. Therefore, designing public health interventions to increase awareness about negative consequences of crystal use is fundamental to prevent people from abusing it. We suggest designing public health program to promote awareness about health risks of crystal and modifying related misconceptions. Finally, the government can establish policies to mandate sale tax for crystal producers and reduce easy access to crystal especially among youth. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1186/s12889-020-09908-7 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>gale_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7684954</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A650667132</galeid><sourcerecordid>A650667132</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c497t-9ccad5d2608d09e6efd61f2ca9e2e9b0641e39ac7e3913092aa5480adb03defd3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNptkV9rFTEQxRex2Fr9Aj5IwOet-bObTV6ES9FaKPSlfQ5zk9luym5ym2Srfntjb60tSCAZkt85zOQ0zQdGTxhT8nNmXCndUk5bqjVV7fCqOWLdwFre9er1s_qweZvzLaVsUD1_0xwKwbmSTB012w25W2H2BYq_R4I_d3NMtY6BxJGUCckItsSUCeQcrYeCjvzwZSI--OL3ZIlkwTLBspuwwOIDkjVjJch5gvCuORhhzvj-8Txurr99vTr93l5cnp2fbi5a2-mhtNpacL3jkipHNUocnWQjt6CRo95S2TEUGuxQdyao5gB9pyi4LRWuwuK4-bL33a3bBZ3FUBLMZpf8AumXieDNy5fgJ3MT780gVaf7rhp8ejRI8W7FXMxtXFOoPRtef5IzITr6j7qBGY0PY6xmdvHZmo3sqZQDE7xSJ_-h6nK4eBsDjr7evxDwvcCmmHPC8alxRs2fuM0-blPjNg9xm6GKPj4f-UnyN1_xG5rxp28</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2471213340</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Springer Nature OA/Free Journals</source><creator>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin ; Zarghami, Fatemeh ; Shahryari, Ali ; Mohammadinia, Ali ; Ebrahimi, Mohsen ; Jorjani, Teimoor ; Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib ; Charkazi, Abdurrahman</creator><creatorcontrib>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin ; Zarghami, Fatemeh ; Shahryari, Ali ; Mohammadinia, Ali ; Ebrahimi, Mohsen ; Jorjani, Teimoor ; Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib ; Charkazi, Abdurrahman</creatorcontrib><description>Crystal (methamphetamine) is a strong stimulant of addictive substances that affects the central nervous system. The consumption of this substance is increasing among teenagers and adult young people in the country. In this matter, one of the practical and important ways to its control is to identify the factors leading to its first use. Thus this paper, explores the factors related to the first crystal use in Golestan province, Iran.
In a qualitative study, 19 crystal users were recruited in the study conducted in Golestan province by snowball sampling from DIC (Drop-In Center) in addiction treatment centers. The interviews were mostly carried out individually with the participants; only one interview was conducted in an addiction treatment camp in the form of a group-focused discussion. Data analysis was implemented through content analysis in MAXQDA 10 software.
The mean age of the participants was 35.05 ± 6.06 years with a range of 23-46 years. Meanwhile, the mean of crystal use period was 7.42 (SD: 3.61) and a range of 1-14 years. Based on the obtained data, the reasons for first crystal use could be categorized in six; 1: "crystal use to other drugs rehabilitation"; 2: "Lack of awareness of the addictive nature of crystal"; 3: "stimulating curiosity in public with crystal-use friends", 4: affordable and convenient use", 5: "anti-sleeping effects and increasing work efficiency", and 6: "therapeutic and other misconceptions"".
The results indicated that crystal is mostly abused to opium rehabilitation. The lack of awareness and misconceptions about this substance can lead people to crystal use. Therefore, designing public health interventions to increase awareness about negative consequences of crystal use is fundamental to prevent people from abusing it. We suggest designing public health program to promote awareness about health risks of crystal and modifying related misconceptions. Finally, the government can establish policies to mandate sale tax for crystal producers and reduce easy access to crystal especially among youth.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1471-2458</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1471-2458</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09908-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33228618</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BioMed Central Ltd</publisher><subject>Addictions ; Adult ; Age ; Amphetamine abuse ; Amphetamine-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Camps ; Central nervous system ; Consumption ; Content analysis ; Crystals ; Data analysis ; Drug abuse ; Drug addiction ; Drugs and youth ; Female ; Health risks ; Heart attacks ; Humans ; Interviews ; Iran - epidemiology ; Male ; Methamphetamine ; Middle Aged ; Morphine ; Nervous system ; Public health ; Qualitative Research ; Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Risk Factors ; School dropouts ; Young Adult ; Young adults</subject><ispartof>BMC public health, 2020-11, Vol.20 (1), p.1773, Article 1773</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 BioMed Central Ltd.</rights><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c497t-9ccad5d2608d09e6efd61f2ca9e2e9b0641e39ac7e3913092aa5480adb03defd3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c497t-9ccad5d2608d09e6efd61f2ca9e2e9b0641e39ac7e3913092aa5480adb03defd3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7684954/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7684954/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33228618$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zarghami, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahryari, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohammadinia, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Mohsen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jorjani, Teimoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charkazi, Abdurrahman</creatorcontrib><title>A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran</title><title>BMC public health</title><addtitle>BMC Public Health</addtitle><description>Crystal (methamphetamine) is a strong stimulant of addictive substances that affects the central nervous system. The consumption of this substance is increasing among teenagers and adult young people in the country. In this matter, one of the practical and important ways to its control is to identify the factors leading to its first use. Thus this paper, explores the factors related to the first crystal use in Golestan province, Iran.
In a qualitative study, 19 crystal users were recruited in the study conducted in Golestan province by snowball sampling from DIC (Drop-In Center) in addiction treatment centers. The interviews were mostly carried out individually with the participants; only one interview was conducted in an addiction treatment camp in the form of a group-focused discussion. Data analysis was implemented through content analysis in MAXQDA 10 software.
The mean age of the participants was 35.05 ± 6.06 years with a range of 23-46 years. Meanwhile, the mean of crystal use period was 7.42 (SD: 3.61) and a range of 1-14 years. Based on the obtained data, the reasons for first crystal use could be categorized in six; 1: "crystal use to other drugs rehabilitation"; 2: "Lack of awareness of the addictive nature of crystal"; 3: "stimulating curiosity in public with crystal-use friends", 4: affordable and convenient use", 5: "anti-sleeping effects and increasing work efficiency", and 6: "therapeutic and other misconceptions"".
The results indicated that crystal is mostly abused to opium rehabilitation. The lack of awareness and misconceptions about this substance can lead people to crystal use. Therefore, designing public health interventions to increase awareness about negative consequences of crystal use is fundamental to prevent people from abusing it. We suggest designing public health program to promote awareness about health risks of crystal and modifying related misconceptions. Finally, the government can establish policies to mandate sale tax for crystal producers and reduce easy access to crystal especially among youth.</description><subject>Addictions</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Amphetamine abuse</subject><subject>Amphetamine-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Camps</subject><subject>Central nervous system</subject><subject>Consumption</subject><subject>Content analysis</subject><subject>Crystals</subject><subject>Data analysis</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug addiction</subject><subject>Drugs and youth</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Heart attacks</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Interviews</subject><subject>Iran - epidemiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Methamphetamine</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Morphine</subject><subject>Nervous system</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Qualitative Research</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Rehabilitation</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>School dropouts</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><subject>Young adults</subject><issn>1471-2458</issn><issn>1471-2458</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNptkV9rFTEQxRex2Fr9Aj5IwOet-bObTV6ES9FaKPSlfQ5zk9luym5ym2Srfntjb60tSCAZkt85zOQ0zQdGTxhT8nNmXCndUk5bqjVV7fCqOWLdwFre9er1s_qweZvzLaVsUD1_0xwKwbmSTB012w25W2H2BYq_R4I_d3NMtY6BxJGUCckItsSUCeQcrYeCjvzwZSI--OL3ZIlkwTLBspuwwOIDkjVjJch5gvCuORhhzvj-8Txurr99vTr93l5cnp2fbi5a2-mhtNpacL3jkipHNUocnWQjt6CRo95S2TEUGuxQdyao5gB9pyi4LRWuwuK4-bL33a3bBZ3FUBLMZpf8AumXieDNy5fgJ3MT780gVaf7rhp8ejRI8W7FXMxtXFOoPRtef5IzITr6j7qBGY0PY6xmdvHZmo3sqZQDE7xSJ_-h6nK4eBsDjr7evxDwvcCmmHPC8alxRs2fuM0-blPjNg9xm6GKPj4f-UnyN1_xG5rxp28</recordid><startdate>20201123</startdate><enddate>20201123</enddate><creator>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin</creator><creator>Zarghami, Fatemeh</creator><creator>Shahryari, Ali</creator><creator>Mohammadinia, Ali</creator><creator>Ebrahimi, Mohsen</creator><creator>Jorjani, Teimoor</creator><creator>Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib</creator><creator>Charkazi, Abdurrahman</creator><general>BioMed Central Ltd</general><general>BioMed Central</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AN0</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20201123</creationdate><title>A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran</title><author>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin ; Zarghami, Fatemeh ; Shahryari, Ali ; Mohammadinia, Ali ; Ebrahimi, Mohsen ; Jorjani, Teimoor ; Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib ; Charkazi, Abdurrahman</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c497t-9ccad5d2608d09e6efd61f2ca9e2e9b0641e39ac7e3913092aa5480adb03defd3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Addictions</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Amphetamine abuse</topic><topic>Amphetamine-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Camps</topic><topic>Central nervous system</topic><topic>Consumption</topic><topic>Content analysis</topic><topic>Crystals</topic><topic>Data analysis</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug addiction</topic><topic>Drugs and youth</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Heart attacks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Interviews</topic><topic>Iran - epidemiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Methamphetamine</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Morphine</topic><topic>Nervous system</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Qualitative Research</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Rehabilitation</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>School dropouts</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><topic>Young adults</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zarghami, Fatemeh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahryari, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mohammadinia, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Mohsen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jorjani, Teimoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charkazi, Abdurrahman</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>British Nursing Database</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Engineering Database</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Engineering Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMC public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Shirin</au><au>Zarghami, Fatemeh</au><au>Shahryari, Ali</au><au>Mohammadinia, Ali</au><au>Ebrahimi, Mohsen</au><au>Jorjani, Teimoor</au><au>Hamrah, Mohammad Shoaib</au><au>Charkazi, Abdurrahman</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran</atitle><jtitle>BMC public health</jtitle><addtitle>BMC Public Health</addtitle><date>2020-11-23</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1773</spage><pages>1773-</pages><artnum>1773</artnum><issn>1471-2458</issn><eissn>1471-2458</eissn><abstract>Crystal (methamphetamine) is a strong stimulant of addictive substances that affects the central nervous system. The consumption of this substance is increasing among teenagers and adult young people in the country. In this matter, one of the practical and important ways to its control is to identify the factors leading to its first use. Thus this paper, explores the factors related to the first crystal use in Golestan province, Iran.
In a qualitative study, 19 crystal users were recruited in the study conducted in Golestan province by snowball sampling from DIC (Drop-In Center) in addiction treatment centers. The interviews were mostly carried out individually with the participants; only one interview was conducted in an addiction treatment camp in the form of a group-focused discussion. Data analysis was implemented through content analysis in MAXQDA 10 software.
The mean age of the participants was 35.05 ± 6.06 years with a range of 23-46 years. Meanwhile, the mean of crystal use period was 7.42 (SD: 3.61) and a range of 1-14 years. Based on the obtained data, the reasons for first crystal use could be categorized in six; 1: "crystal use to other drugs rehabilitation"; 2: "Lack of awareness of the addictive nature of crystal"; 3: "stimulating curiosity in public with crystal-use friends", 4: affordable and convenient use", 5: "anti-sleeping effects and increasing work efficiency", and 6: "therapeutic and other misconceptions"".
The results indicated that crystal is mostly abused to opium rehabilitation. The lack of awareness and misconceptions about this substance can lead people to crystal use. Therefore, designing public health interventions to increase awareness about negative consequences of crystal use is fundamental to prevent people from abusing it. We suggest designing public health program to promote awareness about health risks of crystal and modifying related misconceptions. Finally, the government can establish policies to mandate sale tax for crystal producers and reduce easy access to crystal especially among youth.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BioMed Central Ltd</pub><pmid>33228618</pmid><doi>10.1186/s12889-020-09908-7</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Addictions Adult Age Amphetamine abuse Amphetamine-Related Disorders - epidemiology Camps Central nervous system Consumption Content analysis Crystals Data analysis Drug abuse Drug addiction Drugs and youth Female Health risks Heart attacks Humans Interviews Iran - epidemiology Male Methamphetamine Middle Aged Morphine Nervous system Public health Qualitative Research Questionnaires Rehabilitation Risk Factors School dropouts Young Adult Young adults |
| title | A qualitative exploration of the factors associated with initiation to methamphetamine use in Iran |
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