COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronaviru...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2020-11, Vol.17 (21), p.8155 |
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| creator | Rauf, Abdur Abu-Izneid, Tareq Olatunde, Ahmed Ahmed Khalil, Anees Alhumaydhi, Fahad A Tufail, Tabussam Shariati, Mohammad Ali Rebezov, Maksim Almarhoon, Zainab M Mabkhot, Yahia N Alsayari, Abdulrhman Rengasamy, Kannan R R |
| description | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (S) protein that exists on its surface. This binding causes the entry of the virus into cells of the host organism. The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. A total of 44,322,504 cases, a 1,173,189 death toll and 32,486,703 recovery cases have been reported in 217 countries globally as of 28 October 2020. Symptoms from the infection of the virus include chest pain, fever, fatigue, nausea, and others. Acute respiratory stress syndrome, arrhythmia, and shock are some of the chronic manifestations recorded in severe COVID-19. Transmission is majorly by individual-to-individual through coughing, sneezing, etc. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanism of and immune response to the virus has posed a challenge in the development of a novel drug and vaccine. Currently, treatment of the disease involves the use of anti-viral medications such as lopinavir, remdesivir, and other drugs. These drugs show some efficacy in the management of COVID-19. Studies are still on-going for the development of an ideal and novel drug for treatment. In terms of natural product intervention, Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been employed to alleviate the clinical manifestation and severity of the disease and have shown some efficacy. This review presents an updated detailed overview of COVID-19 and the virus, concerning its structure, epidemiology, symptoms and transmission, immune responses, and current interventions, and highlights the potential of TCM. It is anticipated that this review will further add to the understanding of COVID-19 and the virus, hence opening new research perspectives. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph17218155 |
| format | Article |
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The virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus. Interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (S) protein that exists on its surface. This binding causes the entry of the virus into cells of the host organism. The actual mechanism used by the COVID-19 virus to induce disease is still speculative. A total of 44,322,504 cases, a 1,173,189 death toll and 32,486,703 recovery cases have been reported in 217 countries globally as of 28 October 2020. Symptoms from the infection of the virus include chest pain, fever, fatigue, nausea, and others. Acute respiratory stress syndrome, arrhythmia, and shock are some of the chronic manifestations recorded in severe COVID-19. Transmission is majorly by individual-to-individual through coughing, sneezing, etc. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanism of and immune response to the virus has posed a challenge in the development of a novel drug and vaccine. Currently, treatment of the disease involves the use of anti-viral medications such as lopinavir, remdesivir, and other drugs. These drugs show some efficacy in the management of COVID-19. Studies are still on-going for the development of an ideal and novel drug for treatment. In terms of natural product intervention, Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been employed to alleviate the clinical manifestation and severity of the disease and have shown some efficacy. This review presents an updated detailed overview of COVID-19 and the virus, concerning its structure, epidemiology, symptoms and transmission, immune responses, and current interventions, and highlights the potential of TCM. It is anticipated that this review will further add to the understanding of COVID-19 and the virus, hence opening new research perspectives.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218155</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33158234</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>ACE2 ; Angiotensin ; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ; Antigen presentation ; Antiviral agents ; Arrhythmia ; Betacoronavirus ; Chronic illnesses ; Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections - therapy ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Cytokine storm ; Disease transmission ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Etiology ; Fatalities ; Fever ; Gene expression ; Glycoproteins ; Health services ; Herbal medicine ; Humans ; Immune response ; Immune system ; Immunosuppressive agents ; Infections ; Lopinavir ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle East respiratory syndrome ; Natural products ; Nausea ; Pain ; Pandemics ; Pathogenesis ; Peptidyl-dipeptidase A ; Pneumonia ; Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral - therapy ; Proteins ; Respiration ; Respiratory diseases ; Respiratory system ; Review ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Signs and symptoms ; Sneezing ; Vaccines ; Viruses</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020-11, Vol.17 (21), p.8155</ispartof><rights>2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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| ispartof | International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020-11, Vol.17 (21), p.8155 |
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| language | eng |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
| subjects | ACE2 Angiotensin Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Antigen presentation Antiviral agents Arrhythmia Betacoronavirus Chronic illnesses Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology Coronavirus Infections - therapy Coronaviruses COVID-19 Cytokine storm Disease transmission Endoplasmic reticulum Epidemics Epidemiology Etiology Fatalities Fever Gene expression Glycoproteins Health services Herbal medicine Humans Immune response Immune system Immunosuppressive agents Infections Lopinavir Medicine, Chinese Traditional Middle East respiratory syndrome Natural products Nausea Pain Pandemics Pathogenesis Peptidyl-dipeptidase A Pneumonia Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Pneumonia, Viral - therapy Proteins Respiration Respiratory diseases Respiratory system Review SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Signs and symptoms Sneezing Vaccines Viruses |
| title | COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Etiology, Conventional and Non-Conventional Therapies |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-08T03%3A06%3A03IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=COVID-19%20Pandemic:%20Epidemiology,%20Etiology,%20Conventional%20and%20Non-Conventional%20Therapies&rft.jtitle=International%20journal%20of%20environmental%20research%20and%20public%20health&rft.au=Rauf,%20Abdur&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=21&rft.spage=8155&rft.pages=8155-&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft.eissn=1660-4601&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/ijerph17218155&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2630514564%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2630514564&rft_id=info:pmid/33158234&rfr_iscdi=true |