Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions
The influence of organic compounds on iodine (I2) emissions from the O3 + I– reaction at the sea surface was investigated in laboratory and modeling studies using artificial solutions, natural subsurface seawater (SSW), and, for the first time, samples of the surface microlayer (SML). Gas-phase I2 w...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science & technology 2020-10, Vol.54 (20), p.13228-13237 |
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| creator | Tinel, Liselotte Adams, Thomas J Hollis, Lloyd D. J Bridger, Alice J. M Chance, Rosie J Ward, Martyn W Ball, Stephen M Carpenter, Lucy J |
| description | The influence of organic compounds on iodine (I2) emissions from the O3 + I– reaction at the sea surface was investigated in laboratory and modeling studies using artificial solutions, natural subsurface seawater (SSW), and, for the first time, samples of the surface microlayer (SML). Gas-phase I2 was measured directly above the surface of liquid samples using broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. I2 emissions were consistently lower for artificial seawater (AS) than buffered potassium iodide (KI) solutions. Natural seawater samples showed the strongest reduction of I2 emissions compared to artificial solutions with equivalent [I–], and the reduction was more pronounced over SML than SSW. Emissions of volatile organic iodine (VOI) were highest from SML samples but remained a negligible fraction ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1021/acs.est.0c02736 |
| format | Article |
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J ; Bridger, Alice J. M ; Chance, Rosie J ; Ward, Martyn W ; Ball, Stephen M ; Carpenter, Lucy J</creator><creatorcontrib>Tinel, Liselotte ; Adams, Thomas J ; Hollis, Lloyd D. J ; Bridger, Alice J. M ; Chance, Rosie J ; Ward, Martyn W ; Ball, Stephen M ; Carpenter, Lucy J</creatorcontrib><description>The influence of organic compounds on iodine (I2) emissions from the O3 + I– reaction at the sea surface was investigated in laboratory and modeling studies using artificial solutions, natural subsurface seawater (SSW), and, for the first time, samples of the surface microlayer (SML). Gas-phase I2 was measured directly above the surface of liquid samples using broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. I2 emissions were consistently lower for artificial seawater (AS) than buffered potassium iodide (KI) solutions. Natural seawater samples showed the strongest reduction of I2 emissions compared to artificial solutions with equivalent [I–], and the reduction was more pronounced over SML than SSW. Emissions of volatile organic iodine (VOI) were highest from SML samples but remained a negligible fraction (<1%) of the total iodine flux. Therefore, reduced iodine emissions from natural seawater cannot be explained by chemical losses of I2 or hypoiodous acid (HOI), leading to VOI. An interfacial model explains this reduction by increased solubility of the I2 product in the organic-rich interfacial layer of seawater. Our results highlight the importance of using environmentally representative concentrations in studies of the O3 + I– reaction and demonstrate the influence the SML exerts on emissions of iodine and potentially other volatile species.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-936X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1520-5851</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02736</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32975119</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Chemical Society</publisher><subject>Absorption spectroscopy ; Artificial seawater ; Broadband ; Chemical analysis ; Emissions ; Energy and Climate ; Environmental Sciences ; Iodides ; Iodine ; Organic compounds ; Potassium ; Potassium iodide ; Potassium iodides ; Reduction ; Seawater ; Surface microlayers ; Water analysis</subject><ispartof>Environmental science & technology, 2020-10, Vol.54 (20), p.13228-13237</ispartof><rights>XXXX American Chemical Society</rights><rights>Copyright American Chemical Society Oct 20, 2020</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><rights>2020 American Chemical Society 2020 American Chemical Society</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a557t-9e72cff92eab983f6229d7e0a78e0fe5853bf8de43b993b0e6a8eb0b667f4cdf3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a557t-9e72cff92eab983f6229d7e0a78e0fe5853bf8de43b993b0e6a8eb0b667f4cdf3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-5906-176X ; 0000-0002-6257-3950 ; 0000-0001-7689-1565 ; 0000-0003-1742-2755</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.0c02736$$EPDF$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c02736$$EHTML$$P50$$Gacs$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,2752,27053,27901,27902,56713,56763</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32975119$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://hal.science/hal-04138267$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Tinel, Liselotte</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adams, Thomas J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hollis, Lloyd D. 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Natural seawater samples showed the strongest reduction of I2 emissions compared to artificial solutions with equivalent [I–], and the reduction was more pronounced over SML than SSW. Emissions of volatile organic iodine (VOI) were highest from SML samples but remained a negligible fraction (<1%) of the total iodine flux. Therefore, reduced iodine emissions from natural seawater cannot be explained by chemical losses of I2 or hypoiodous acid (HOI), leading to VOI. An interfacial model explains this reduction by increased solubility of the I2 product in the organic-rich interfacial layer of seawater. Our results highlight the importance of using environmentally representative concentrations in studies of the O3 + I– reaction and demonstrate the influence the SML exerts on emissions of iodine and potentially other volatile species.</description><subject>Absorption spectroscopy</subject><subject>Artificial seawater</subject><subject>Broadband</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>Emissions</subject><subject>Energy and Climate</subject><subject>Environmental Sciences</subject><subject>Iodides</subject><subject>Iodine</subject><subject>Organic compounds</subject><subject>Potassium</subject><subject>Potassium iodide</subject><subject>Potassium iodides</subject><subject>Reduction</subject><subject>Seawater</subject><subject>Surface microlayers</subject><subject>Water analysis</subject><issn>0013-936X</issn><issn>1520-5851</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kUtr3DAUhUVpaCZp190VQzcNxZMrybKsTSAMeQxMySItdCdk-arj4JFSaRzIv6_MTIcm0JXg6jvnPg4hHynMKTB6bmyaY9rOwQKTvH5DZlQwKEUj6FsyA6C8VLz-eUxOUnoAAMaheUeOOVNSUKpmZLH0bhjRWyyCK7ZrLO7RFPdjdCaXvvU2hsE8YyyCL-4sGt_bYhm63mNxtelT6oNP78mRM0PCD_v3lPy4vvq-uC1XdzfLxeWqNELIbalQMuucYmha1XBXM6Y6iWBkg-Awz8xb13RY8VYp3gLWpsEW2rqWrrKd46fkYuf7OLYb7Cz6bTSDfoz9xsRnHUyvX_74fq1_hSctRVNzrrLB2c5g_Up2e7nSUw0qyhtWyyea2S_7ZjH8HvONdV7X4jAYj2FMmlVVHgwaOqGfX6EPYYw-nyJToqJKKAWZOt9R-aQpRXSHCSjoKUydw9STeh9mVnz6d98D_ze9DHzdAZPy0PN_dn8AC_mqCA</recordid><startdate>20201020</startdate><enddate>20201020</enddate><creator>Tinel, Liselotte</creator><creator>Adams, Thomas J</creator><creator>Hollis, Lloyd D. 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J</au><au>Bridger, Alice J. M</au><au>Chance, Rosie J</au><au>Ward, Martyn W</au><au>Ball, Stephen M</au><au>Carpenter, Lucy J</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions</atitle><jtitle>Environmental science & technology</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Sci. Technol</addtitle><date>2020-10-20</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>54</volume><issue>20</issue><spage>13228</spage><epage>13237</epage><pages>13228-13237</pages><issn>0013-936X</issn><eissn>1520-5851</eissn><abstract>The influence of organic compounds on iodine (I2) emissions from the O3 + I– reaction at the sea surface was investigated in laboratory and modeling studies using artificial solutions, natural subsurface seawater (SSW), and, for the first time, samples of the surface microlayer (SML). Gas-phase I2 was measured directly above the surface of liquid samples using broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. 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| subjects | Absorption spectroscopy Artificial seawater Broadband Chemical analysis Emissions Energy and Climate Environmental Sciences Iodides Iodine Organic compounds Potassium Potassium iodide Potassium iodides Reduction Seawater Surface microlayers Water analysis |
| title | Influence of the Sea Surface Microlayer on Oceanic Iodine Emissions |
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