Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2020-07, Vol.17 (15), p.5512
Hauptverfasser: Prozialeck, Walter C., Edwards, Joshua R., Lamar, Peter C., Plotkin, Balbina J., Sigar, Ira M., Grundmann, Oliver, Veltri, Charles A.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page
container_issue 15
container_start_page 5512
container_title International journal of environmental research and public health
container_volume 17
creator Prozialeck, Walter C.
Edwards, Joshua R.
Lamar, Peter C.
Plotkin, Balbina J.
Sigar, Ira M.
Grundmann, Oliver
Veltri, Charles A.
description Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression and opioid use disorder. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control have raised concerns regarding the contamination of some kratom products with toxic metals (Pb and Ni) and microbes such as Salmonella. To further explore this issue, eight different kratom products were legally purchased from various “head”/”smoke” shops in the Western Suburbs of Chicago and then tested for microbial burden, a panel of metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd), and levels of the main psychoactive alkaloid mitragynine. All of the samples contained significant, but variable, levels of mitragynine (3.9–62.1 mg/g), indicating that the products were, in fact, derived from kratom. All but two of the samples tested positive for the presence of various microbes including bacteria and fungi. However, none of the samples tested positive for Salmonella. Seven products showed significant levels of Ni (0.73–7.4 µg/g), Pb (0.16–1.6 µg/g) and Cr (0.21–5.7 µg/g) while the other product was negative for metals. These data indicate that many kratom products contain variable levels of mitragynine and can contain significant levels of toxic metals and microbes. These findings highlight the need for more stringent standards for the production and sale of kratom products.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/ijerph17155512
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7432033</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2430670303</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-ecb5e935213addd8795baca70830c604a7abfb5ee33b92dc688164a4a2fb1f2f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkUlvFDEQhS0EIiFw5WyJCwcmeOn1goRGYREzSiSCOFrV7uppj3rswcuI_BT-Le5JFCU52db73qsqFyFvOTuXsmUfzRb9fuQ1L8uSi2fklFcVWxQV488f3E_IqxC2jMmmqNqX5ESKuswecUr-XRxgShCNs9QNNI5I1yZ62NxYY5EunY1o4we6wgNOYUau3V-j6Roj5DfY_ui58hjQapyBtdHedRiosfSHh-h2WXZ90jHQq-T1CAH7WZyNvzFE9Jb-TF3y3bHAcjQaNu41eTHkEvjm7jwjv75cXC-_LVaXX78vP68WWrZlXKDuSmxlKbiEvu-bui070FCzRjJdsQJq6IaMoJRdK3pdNQ2vCihADB0fxCDPyKfb3H3qdtjrPK6HSe292YG_UQ6MeqxYM6qNO6i6kIJJmQPe3wV49yfledTOBI3TBBZdCkoUklU1k2xG3z1Bty55m8c7UrzhktWZOr-l8j-G4HG4b4YzNW9dPd66_A9VvKKD</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2430181307</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago</title><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Prozialeck, Walter C. ; Edwards, Joshua R. ; Lamar, Peter C. ; Plotkin, Balbina J. ; Sigar, Ira M. ; Grundmann, Oliver ; Veltri, Charles A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Prozialeck, Walter C. ; Edwards, Joshua R. ; Lamar, Peter C. ; Plotkin, Balbina J. ; Sigar, Ira M. ; Grundmann, Oliver ; Veltri, Charles A.</creatorcontrib><description>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression and opioid use disorder. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control have raised concerns regarding the contamination of some kratom products with toxic metals (Pb and Ni) and microbes such as Salmonella. To further explore this issue, eight different kratom products were legally purchased from various “head”/”smoke” shops in the Western Suburbs of Chicago and then tested for microbial burden, a panel of metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd), and levels of the main psychoactive alkaloid mitragynine. All of the samples contained significant, but variable, levels of mitragynine (3.9–62.1 mg/g), indicating that the products were, in fact, derived from kratom. All but two of the samples tested positive for the presence of various microbes including bacteria and fungi. However, none of the samples tested positive for Salmonella. Seven products showed significant levels of Ni (0.73–7.4 µg/g), Pb (0.16–1.6 µg/g) and Cr (0.21–5.7 µg/g) while the other product was negative for metals. These data indicate that many kratom products contain variable levels of mitragynine and can contain significant levels of toxic metals and microbes. These findings highlight the need for more stringent standards for the production and sale of kratom products.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155512</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32751712</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acids ; Bacteria ; Cadmium ; Chromium ; Dietary supplements ; Disease control ; Fungi ; Indigenous plants ; Lactose ; Lead ; Mercury ; Metals ; Microorganisms ; Narcotics ; Opioids ; Pain ; Salmonella ; Suburban areas ; Suburbs</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020-07, Vol.17 (15), p.5512</ispartof><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 by the authors. 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-ecb5e935213addd8795baca70830c604a7abfb5ee33b92dc688164a4a2fb1f2f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-ecb5e935213addd8795baca70830c604a7abfb5ee33b92dc688164a4a2fb1f2f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7626-1555 ; 0000-0003-2302-8949 ; 0000-0002-5702-2257</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432033/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7432033/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Prozialeck, Walter C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edwards, Joshua R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamar, Peter C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plotkin, Balbina J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sigar, Ira M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grundmann, Oliver</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Veltri, Charles A.</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><description>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression and opioid use disorder. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control have raised concerns regarding the contamination of some kratom products with toxic metals (Pb and Ni) and microbes such as Salmonella. To further explore this issue, eight different kratom products were legally purchased from various “head”/”smoke” shops in the Western Suburbs of Chicago and then tested for microbial burden, a panel of metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd), and levels of the main psychoactive alkaloid mitragynine. All of the samples contained significant, but variable, levels of mitragynine (3.9–62.1 mg/g), indicating that the products were, in fact, derived from kratom. All but two of the samples tested positive for the presence of various microbes including bacteria and fungi. However, none of the samples tested positive for Salmonella. Seven products showed significant levels of Ni (0.73–7.4 µg/g), Pb (0.16–1.6 µg/g) and Cr (0.21–5.7 µg/g) while the other product was negative for metals. These data indicate that many kratom products contain variable levels of mitragynine and can contain significant levels of toxic metals and microbes. These findings highlight the need for more stringent standards for the production and sale of kratom products.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Bacteria</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Dietary supplements</subject><subject>Disease control</subject><subject>Fungi</subject><subject>Indigenous plants</subject><subject>Lactose</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Microorganisms</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Opioids</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Salmonella</subject><subject>Suburban areas</subject><subject>Suburbs</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkUlvFDEQhS0EIiFw5WyJCwcmeOn1goRGYREzSiSCOFrV7uppj3rswcuI_BT-Le5JFCU52db73qsqFyFvOTuXsmUfzRb9fuQ1L8uSi2fklFcVWxQV488f3E_IqxC2jMmmqNqX5ESKuswecUr-XRxgShCNs9QNNI5I1yZ62NxYY5EunY1o4we6wgNOYUau3V-j6Roj5DfY_ui58hjQapyBtdHedRiosfSHh-h2WXZ90jHQq-T1CAH7WZyNvzFE9Jb-TF3y3bHAcjQaNu41eTHkEvjm7jwjv75cXC-_LVaXX78vP68WWrZlXKDuSmxlKbiEvu-bui070FCzRjJdsQJq6IaMoJRdK3pdNQ2vCihADB0fxCDPyKfb3H3qdtjrPK6HSe292YG_UQ6MeqxYM6qNO6i6kIJJmQPe3wV49yfledTOBI3TBBZdCkoUklU1k2xG3z1Bty55m8c7UrzhktWZOr-l8j-G4HG4b4YzNW9dPd66_A9VvKKD</recordid><startdate>20200730</startdate><enddate>20200730</enddate><creator>Prozialeck, Walter C.</creator><creator>Edwards, Joshua R.</creator><creator>Lamar, Peter C.</creator><creator>Plotkin, Balbina J.</creator><creator>Sigar, Ira M.</creator><creator>Grundmann, Oliver</creator><creator>Veltri, Charles A.</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-1555</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2302-8949</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-2257</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200730</creationdate><title>Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago</title><author>Prozialeck, Walter C. ; Edwards, Joshua R. ; Lamar, Peter C. ; Plotkin, Balbina J. ; Sigar, Ira M. ; Grundmann, Oliver ; Veltri, Charles A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c395t-ecb5e935213addd8795baca70830c604a7abfb5ee33b92dc688164a4a2fb1f2f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Bacteria</topic><topic>Cadmium</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Dietary supplements</topic><topic>Disease control</topic><topic>Fungi</topic><topic>Indigenous plants</topic><topic>Lactose</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Mercury</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Microorganisms</topic><topic>Narcotics</topic><topic>Opioids</topic><topic>Pain</topic><topic>Salmonella</topic><topic>Suburban areas</topic><topic>Suburbs</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Prozialeck, Walter C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edwards, Joshua R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lamar, Peter C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Plotkin, Balbina J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sigar, Ira M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grundmann, Oliver</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Veltri, Charles A.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Access via ProQuest (Open Access)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Prozialeck, Walter C.</au><au>Edwards, Joshua R.</au><au>Lamar, Peter C.</au><au>Plotkin, Balbina J.</au><au>Sigar, Ira M.</au><au>Grundmann, Oliver</au><au>Veltri, Charles A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><date>2020-07-30</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>17</volume><issue>15</issue><spage>5512</spage><pages>5512-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa, Korth) is a tree-like plant that is indigenous to Southeast Asia. Kratom leaf products have been used in traditional folk medicine for their unique combination of stimulant and opioid-like effects. Kratom is being increasingly used in the West for its reputed benefits in the treatment of pain, depression and opioid use disorder. Recently, the United States Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control have raised concerns regarding the contamination of some kratom products with toxic metals (Pb and Ni) and microbes such as Salmonella. To further explore this issue, eight different kratom products were legally purchased from various “head”/”smoke” shops in the Western Suburbs of Chicago and then tested for microbial burden, a panel of metals (Ni, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, Cd), and levels of the main psychoactive alkaloid mitragynine. All of the samples contained significant, but variable, levels of mitragynine (3.9–62.1 mg/g), indicating that the products were, in fact, derived from kratom. All but two of the samples tested positive for the presence of various microbes including bacteria and fungi. However, none of the samples tested positive for Salmonella. Seven products showed significant levels of Ni (0.73–7.4 µg/g), Pb (0.16–1.6 µg/g) and Cr (0.21–5.7 µg/g) while the other product was negative for metals. These data indicate that many kratom products contain variable levels of mitragynine and can contain significant levels of toxic metals and microbes. These findings highlight the need for more stringent standards for the production and sale of kratom products.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>32751712</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph17155512</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-1555</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2302-8949</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5702-2257</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 1660-4601
ispartof International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020-07, Vol.17 (15), p.5512
issn 1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7432033
source PubMed Central Open Access; MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry
subjects Acids
Bacteria
Cadmium
Chromium
Dietary supplements
Disease control
Fungi
Indigenous plants
Lactose
Lead
Mercury
Metals
Microorganisms
Narcotics
Opioids
Pain
Salmonella
Suburban areas
Suburbs
title Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-29T20%3A18%3A59IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evaluation%20of%20the%20Mitragynine%20Content,%20Levels%20of%20Toxic%20Metals%20and%20the%20Presence%20of%20Microbes%20in%20Kratom%20Products%20Purchased%20in%20the%20Western%20Suburbs%20of%20Chicago&rft.jtitle=International%20journal%20of%20environmental%20research%20and%20public%20health&rft.au=Prozialeck,%20Walter%20C.&rft.date=2020-07-30&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=15&rft.spage=5512&rft.pages=5512-&rft.issn=1660-4601&rft.eissn=1660-4601&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/ijerph17155512&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2430670303%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2430181307&rft_id=info:pmid/32751712&rfr_iscdi=true