Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic
•Kratom is a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects.•Kratom has recently emerged as a substance of abuse, with limited available data.•Kratom is being used by White, middle-aged Americans for pain, anxiety, depression.•Users also report using kratom to decrease opioid use, withd...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Drug and alcohol dependence 2020-03, Vol.208, p.107849-107849, Article 107849 |
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| creator | Garcia-Romeu, Albert Cox, David J. Smith, Kirsten E. Dunn, Kelly E. Griffiths, Roland R. |
| description | •Kratom is a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects.•Kratom has recently emerged as a substance of abuse, with limited available data.•Kratom is being used by White, middle-aged Americans for pain, anxiety, depression.•Users also report using kratom to decrease opioid use, withdrawal, and craving.•Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is necessary.
Kratom, a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects, has emerged as a potential substance of abuse, with limited data on its use and effects. This study characterized kratom user demographics, use patterns, and perceived drug effects.
A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted between January and December 2017.
2,798 kratom users – mean age 40 (SD = 12); predominantly White (90 %), female (61 %), and located in the US (97 %) – completed the survey. Kratom was primarily taken orally in doses of 1−3 g (49 %), with daily use (59 %) being most common. Kratom was used for pain (91 %), anxiety (67 %), and depression (65 %), with high ratings of effectiveness. 1,144 (41 %) used kratom to stop or reduce prescription or illicit opioid use, citing decreased opioid withdrawal and craving related to kratom use, with 411 reporting >1-year continuous abstinence from opioids attributed to kratom use. Roughly one-third of respondents reported adverse effects of kratom, largely rated as mild in severity and lasting ≤24 h. Seventeen participants (0.6 %) sought treatment for adverse effects. Fifty-six individuals (2 %) met DSM-5 criteria for a past-year moderate or severe kratom-related substance use disorder (SUD). When asked how troubled they felt regarding their kratom use, the mean (SD) rating was 3.2 (9.8) on a scale from 0 to 100.
Kratom is used among White, middle-aged Americans for symptoms of pain, anxiety, depression, and opioid withdrawal. Although regular use was typical, kratom-related SUD and serious adverse effects were uncommon. Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is imperative in light of the present opioid epidemic. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849 |
| format | Article |
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Kratom, a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects, has emerged as a potential substance of abuse, with limited data on its use and effects. This study characterized kratom user demographics, use patterns, and perceived drug effects.
A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted between January and December 2017.
2,798 kratom users – mean age 40 (SD = 12); predominantly White (90 %), female (61 %), and located in the US (97 %) – completed the survey. Kratom was primarily taken orally in doses of 1−3 g (49 %), with daily use (59 %) being most common. Kratom was used for pain (91 %), anxiety (67 %), and depression (65 %), with high ratings of effectiveness. 1,144 (41 %) used kratom to stop or reduce prescription or illicit opioid use, citing decreased opioid withdrawal and craving related to kratom use, with 411 reporting >1-year continuous abstinence from opioids attributed to kratom use. Roughly one-third of respondents reported adverse effects of kratom, largely rated as mild in severity and lasting ≤24 h. Seventeen participants (0.6 %) sought treatment for adverse effects. Fifty-six individuals (2 %) met DSM-5 criteria for a past-year moderate or severe kratom-related substance use disorder (SUD). When asked how troubled they felt regarding their kratom use, the mean (SD) rating was 3.2 (9.8) on a scale from 0 to 100.
Kratom is used among White, middle-aged Americans for symptoms of pain, anxiety, depression, and opioid withdrawal. Although regular use was typical, kratom-related SUD and serious adverse effects were uncommon. Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is imperative in light of the present opioid epidemic.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0376-8716</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0046</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32029298</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Ireland: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Adult ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - isolation & purification ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use ; Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects ; Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use ; Anxiety ; Anxiety - drug therapy ; Anxiety - epidemiology ; Anxiety - psychology ; Craving ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demographics ; Demography ; Dosage ; Drug abuse ; Drug addiction ; Drug withdrawal ; Epidemics ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Harm reduction ; Herbal medicine ; Humans ; Kratom ; Male ; Mental depression ; Middle age ; Middle Aged ; Mitragyna ; Mitragyna speciosa ; Mitragynine ; Narcotics ; Opioid Epidemic - prevention & control ; Opioid receptors ; Opioid use disorder ; Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy ; Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology ; Opioid-Related Disorders - psychology ; Opioids ; Pain ; Pain - drug therapy ; Pain - epidemiology ; Pain - psychology ; Pharmacology ; Plant Extracts - isolation & purification ; Plant Extracts - therapeutic use ; Polls & surveys ; Privacy ; Side effects ; Sociodemographics ; Substance abuse treatment ; Substance use ; Substance use disorder ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Drug and alcohol dependence, 2020-03, Vol.208, p.107849-107849, Article 107849</ispartof><rights>2020 Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Mar 1, 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-b6ced8059e3dca365625207569c4c4de4934ae55fe103c20ed0461c185390b673</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-b6ced8059e3dca365625207569c4c4de4934ae55fe103c20ed0461c185390b673</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2182-1644 ; 0000-0002-8352-3688 ; 0000-0003-3746-3108</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871620300144$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27901,27902,30976,65534</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029298$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Garcia-Romeu, Albert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cox, David J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Kirsten E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunn, Kelly E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Griffiths, Roland R.</creatorcontrib><title>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic</title><title>Drug and alcohol dependence</title><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><description>•Kratom is a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects.•Kratom has recently emerged as a substance of abuse, with limited available data.•Kratom is being used by White, middle-aged Americans for pain, anxiety, depression.•Users also report using kratom to decrease opioid use, withdrawal, and craving.•Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is necessary.
Kratom, a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects, has emerged as a potential substance of abuse, with limited data on its use and effects. This study characterized kratom user demographics, use patterns, and perceived drug effects.
A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted between January and December 2017.
2,798 kratom users – mean age 40 (SD = 12); predominantly White (90 %), female (61 %), and located in the US (97 %) – completed the survey. Kratom was primarily taken orally in doses of 1−3 g (49 %), with daily use (59 %) being most common. Kratom was used for pain (91 %), anxiety (67 %), and depression (65 %), with high ratings of effectiveness. 1,144 (41 %) used kratom to stop or reduce prescription or illicit opioid use, citing decreased opioid withdrawal and craving related to kratom use, with 411 reporting >1-year continuous abstinence from opioids attributed to kratom use. Roughly one-third of respondents reported adverse effects of kratom, largely rated as mild in severity and lasting ≤24 h. Seventeen participants (0.6 %) sought treatment for adverse effects. Fifty-six individuals (2 %) met DSM-5 criteria for a past-year moderate or severe kratom-related substance use disorder (SUD). When asked how troubled they felt regarding their kratom use, the mean (SD) rating was 3.2 (9.8) on a scale from 0 to 100.
Kratom is used among White, middle-aged Americans for symptoms of pain, anxiety, depression, and opioid withdrawal. Although regular use was typical, kratom-related SUD and serious adverse effects were uncommon. Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is imperative in light of the present opioid epidemic.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</subject><subject>Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Anxiety - drug therapy</subject><subject>Anxiety - epidemiology</subject><subject>Anxiety - psychology</subject><subject>Craving</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Demographics</subject><subject>Demography</subject><subject>Dosage</subject><subject>Drug abuse</subject><subject>Drug addiction</subject><subject>Drug withdrawal</subject><subject>Epidemics</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Harm reduction</subject><subject>Herbal medicine</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Kratom</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Middle age</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mitragyna</subject><subject>Mitragyna speciosa</subject><subject>Mitragynine</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Opioid Epidemic - prevention & control</subject><subject>Opioid receptors</subject><subject>Opioid use disorder</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Opioid-Related Disorders - psychology</subject><subject>Opioids</subject><subject>Pain</subject><subject>Pain - drug therapy</subject><subject>Pain - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pain - psychology</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - isolation & purification</subject><subject>Plant Extracts - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Privacy</subject><subject>Side effects</subject><subject>Sociodemographics</subject><subject>Substance abuse treatment</subject><subject>Substance use</subject><subject>Substance use disorder</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>0376-8716</issn><issn>1879-0046</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNqFUU2PFCEQJUbjjqt_wZB40cQeoemGxsMmuvErrvHingkD1TM1mW4Q6E3238tk1lVPciEU9d6reo8QytmaMy7f7Nc-LVt7cB7iumXtsayGTj8gKz4o3TDWyYdkxYSSzaC4PCNPct6zeqRmj8mZqBjd6mFFxq_JljDRl9-wJLu9nS3NERyGbF-9pdcZEvUwhW2ycYcuv6ZLBhptKZDm-rKzpzjFAzpbMMyZjiHRsgMaIgb0FCJWOLqn5NFoDxme3d3n5Prjhx-Xn5ur75--XL67alzPVGk20oEfWK9BeGeF7GXbt0z1UrvOdR46LToLfT8CZ8K1DHxdlDs-9EKzjVTinFyceOOymcA7mOtWBxMTTjbdmmDR_Psz485sw41RXSuqs5XgxR1BCj8XyMXsw5LmOrNpxcCYkKo7ygynLpdCzgnGewXOzDEhszd_EjLHhMwpoQp9_veE98DfkdSG96cGqD7dICSTHcJcjcEErhgf8P8qvwC_cKhc</recordid><startdate>20200301</startdate><enddate>20200301</enddate><creator>Garcia-Romeu, Albert</creator><creator>Cox, David J.</creator><creator>Smith, Kirsten E.</creator><creator>Dunn, Kelly E.</creator><creator>Griffiths, Roland R.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-3688</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-3108</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200301</creationdate><title>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic</title><author>Garcia-Romeu, Albert ; Cox, David J. ; Smith, Kirsten E. ; Dunn, Kelly E. ; Griffiths, Roland R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c507t-b6ced8059e3dca365625207569c4c4de4934ae55fe103c20ed0461c185390b673</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects</topic><topic>Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Anxiety - drug therapy</topic><topic>Anxiety - epidemiology</topic><topic>Anxiety - psychology</topic><topic>Craving</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Demographics</topic><topic>Demography</topic><topic>Dosage</topic><topic>Drug abuse</topic><topic>Drug addiction</topic><topic>Drug withdrawal</topic><topic>Epidemics</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Harm reduction</topic><topic>Herbal medicine</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Kratom</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Middle age</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mitragyna</topic><topic>Mitragyna speciosa</topic><topic>Mitragynine</topic><topic>Narcotics</topic><topic>Opioid Epidemic - prevention & control</topic><topic>Opioid receptors</topic><topic>Opioid use disorder</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Opioid-Related Disorders - psychology</topic><topic>Opioids</topic><topic>Pain</topic><topic>Pain - drug therapy</topic><topic>Pain - epidemiology</topic><topic>Pain - psychology</topic><topic>Pharmacology</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - isolation & purification</topic><topic>Plant Extracts - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Privacy</topic><topic>Side effects</topic><topic>Sociodemographics</topic><topic>Substance abuse treatment</topic><topic>Substance use</topic><topic>Substance use disorder</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Garcia-Romeu, Albert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cox, David J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Smith, Kirsten E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunn, Kelly E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Griffiths, Roland R.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Garcia-Romeu, Albert</au><au>Cox, David J.</au><au>Smith, Kirsten E.</au><au>Dunn, Kelly E.</au><au>Griffiths, Roland R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic</atitle><jtitle>Drug and alcohol dependence</jtitle><addtitle>Drug Alcohol Depend</addtitle><date>2020-03-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>208</volume><spage>107849</spage><epage>107849</epage><pages>107849-107849</pages><artnum>107849</artnum><issn>0376-8716</issn><eissn>1879-0046</eissn><abstract>•Kratom is a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects.•Kratom has recently emerged as a substance of abuse, with limited available data.•Kratom is being used by White, middle-aged Americans for pain, anxiety, depression.•Users also report using kratom to decrease opioid use, withdrawal, and craving.•Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is necessary.
Kratom, a Southeast Asian plant with opioid-receptor mediated effects, has emerged as a potential substance of abuse, with limited data on its use and effects. This study characterized kratom user demographics, use patterns, and perceived drug effects.
A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was conducted between January and December 2017.
2,798 kratom users – mean age 40 (SD = 12); predominantly White (90 %), female (61 %), and located in the US (97 %) – completed the survey. Kratom was primarily taken orally in doses of 1−3 g (49 %), with daily use (59 %) being most common. Kratom was used for pain (91 %), anxiety (67 %), and depression (65 %), with high ratings of effectiveness. 1,144 (41 %) used kratom to stop or reduce prescription or illicit opioid use, citing decreased opioid withdrawal and craving related to kratom use, with 411 reporting >1-year continuous abstinence from opioids attributed to kratom use. Roughly one-third of respondents reported adverse effects of kratom, largely rated as mild in severity and lasting ≤24 h. Seventeen participants (0.6 %) sought treatment for adverse effects. Fifty-six individuals (2 %) met DSM-5 criteria for a past-year moderate or severe kratom-related substance use disorder (SUD). When asked how troubled they felt regarding their kratom use, the mean (SD) rating was 3.2 (9.8) on a scale from 0 to 100.
Kratom is used among White, middle-aged Americans for symptoms of pain, anxiety, depression, and opioid withdrawal. Although regular use was typical, kratom-related SUD and serious adverse effects were uncommon. Additional research on kratom epidemiology and pharmacology is imperative in light of the present opioid epidemic.</abstract><cop>Ireland</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>32029298</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2182-1644</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8352-3688</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-3108</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Drug and alcohol dependence, 2020-03, Vol.208, p.107849-107849, Article 107849 |
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| subjects | Adult Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - isolation & purification Analgesics, Non-Narcotic - therapeutic use Analgesics, Opioid - adverse effects Analgesics, Opioid - therapeutic use Anxiety Anxiety - drug therapy Anxiety - epidemiology Anxiety - psychology Craving Cross-Sectional Studies Demographics Demography Dosage Drug abuse Drug addiction Drug withdrawal Epidemics Epidemiology Female Harm reduction Herbal medicine Humans Kratom Male Mental depression Middle age Middle Aged Mitragyna Mitragyna speciosa Mitragynine Narcotics Opioid Epidemic - prevention & control Opioid receptors Opioid use disorder Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy Opioid-Related Disorders - epidemiology Opioid-Related Disorders - psychology Opioids Pain Pain - drug therapy Pain - epidemiology Pain - psychology Pharmacology Plant Extracts - isolation & purification Plant Extracts - therapeutic use Polls & surveys Privacy Side effects Sociodemographics Substance abuse treatment Substance use Substance use disorder Surveys and Questionnaires Young Adult |
| title | Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic |
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