Heating quinoa shoots results in yield loss by inhibiting fruit production and delaying maturity

Summary Increasing global temperatures and a growing world population create the need to develop crop varieties that provide higher yields in warmer climates. There is growing interest in expanding quinoa cultivation, because of the ability of quinoa to produce nutritious grain in poor soils, with l...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 2020-06, Vol.102 (5), p.1058-1073
Hauptverfasser: Tovar, Jose C., Quillatupa, Carlos, Callen, Steven T., Castillo, S. Elizabeth, Pearson, Paige, Shamin, Anastasia, Schuhl, Haley, Fahlgren, Noah, Gehan, Malia A.
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container_issue 5
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container_title The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology
container_volume 102
creator Tovar, Jose C.
Quillatupa, Carlos
Callen, Steven T.
Castillo, S. Elizabeth
Pearson, Paige
Shamin, Anastasia
Schuhl, Haley
Fahlgren, Noah
Gehan, Malia A.
description Summary Increasing global temperatures and a growing world population create the need to develop crop varieties that provide higher yields in warmer climates. There is growing interest in expanding quinoa cultivation, because of the ability of quinoa to produce nutritious grain in poor soils, with little water and at high salinity. The main limitation to expanding quinoa cultivation, however, is the susceptibility of quinoa to temperatures above approximately 32°C. This study investigates the phenotypes, genes and mechanisms that may affect quinoa seed yield at high temperatures. Using a differential heating system where only roots or only shoots were heated, quinoa yield losses were attributed to shoot heating. Plants with heated shoots lost 60–85% yield as compared with control plants. Yield losses were the result of lower fruit production, which lowered the number of seeds produced per plant. Furthermore, plants with heated shoots had delayed maturity and greater non‐reproductive shoot biomass, whereas plants with both heated roots and heated shoots produced higher yields from the panicles that had escaped the heat, compared with the control. This suggests that quinoa uses a type of avoidance strategy to survive heat. Gene expression analysis identified transcription factors differentially expressed in plants with heated shoots and low yield that had been previously associated with flower development and flower opening. Interestingly, in plants with heated shoots, flowers stayed closed during the day while the control flowers were open. Although a closed flower may protect the floral structures, this could also cause yield losses by limiting pollen dispersal, which is necessary to produce fruit in the mostly female flowers of quinoa. Significance Statement This study provides evidence that heating quinoa during flowering results in seed yield loss by lowering fruit production. Plants with low yield after heat treatment also matured more slowly, suggesting that quinoa may use a type of avoidance strategy to survive heat stress conditions. Genes differentially expressed under heat include genes involved in flower development and flower opening.
doi_str_mv 10.1111/tpj.14699
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Using a differential heating system where only roots or only shoots were heated, quinoa yield losses were attributed to shoot heating. Plants with heated shoots lost 60–85% yield as compared with control plants. Yield losses were the result of lower fruit production, which lowered the number of seeds produced per plant. Furthermore, plants with heated shoots had delayed maturity and greater non‐reproductive shoot biomass, whereas plants with both heated roots and heated shoots produced higher yields from the panicles that had escaped the heat, compared with the control. This suggests that quinoa uses a type of avoidance strategy to survive heat. Gene expression analysis identified transcription factors differentially expressed in plants with heated shoots and low yield that had been previously associated with flower development and flower opening. Interestingly, in plants with heated shoots, flowers stayed closed during the day while the control flowers were open. Although a closed flower may protect the floral structures, this could also cause yield losses by limiting pollen dispersal, which is necessary to produce fruit in the mostly female flowers of quinoa. Significance Statement This study provides evidence that heating quinoa during flowering results in seed yield loss by lowering fruit production. Plants with low yield after heat treatment also matured more slowly, suggesting that quinoa may use a type of avoidance strategy to survive heat stress conditions. 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Gene expression analysis identified transcription factors differentially expressed in plants with heated shoots and low yield that had been previously associated with flower development and flower opening. Interestingly, in plants with heated shoots, flowers stayed closed during the day while the control flowers were open. Although a closed flower may protect the floral structures, this could also cause yield losses by limiting pollen dispersal, which is necessary to produce fruit in the mostly female flowers of quinoa. Significance Statement This study provides evidence that heating quinoa during flowering results in seed yield loss by lowering fruit production. Plants with low yield after heat treatment also matured more slowly, suggesting that quinoa may use a type of avoidance strategy to survive heat stress conditions. 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subjects Chenopodium quinoa - metabolism
Crop production
Crop yield
Cultivation
Dispersal
Flowers
Flowers & plants
Fruit - metabolism
fruit production
Fruits
Gene expression
Global temperatures
Grain cultivation
heat
Heating
High temperature
Original
phenomics
Phenotypes
plant maturity
Plant Shoots - metabolism
Plants (botany)
Pollen
Quinoa
RNA-Seq
Roots
Seeds
Shoots
Soil water
Transcription factors
World population
yield
title Heating quinoa shoots results in yield loss by inhibiting fruit production and delaying maturity
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