Isolation and Characterisation of Cellulose Nanofibre and Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

A study on isolation and characterisation of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) and lignin was conducted to expand the application of CNF and lignin from oil palm biomass. CNF was extracted by steam explosion and the by-product was precipitated to obtain lignin by using the soda-pulping method. The concentra...

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Veröffentlicht in:Materials 2020-05, Vol.13 (10), p.2290
Hauptverfasser: Gea, Saharman, Siregar, Amir Hamzah, Zaidar, Emma, Harahap, Mahyuni, Indrawan, Denny Pratama, Perangin-Angin, Yurika Almanda
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container_start_page 2290
container_title Materials
container_volume 13
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Siregar, Amir Hamzah
Zaidar, Emma
Harahap, Mahyuni
Indrawan, Denny Pratama
Perangin-Angin, Yurika Almanda
description A study on isolation and characterisation of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) and lignin was conducted to expand the application of CNF and lignin from oil palm biomass. CNF was extracted by steam explosion and the by-product was precipitated to obtain lignin by using the soda-pulping method. The concentrations of NaOH used for CNF by-product precipitation were 2%, 4%, and 6%. The morphology of CNF and lignin was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanofibre of CNF with dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The functional group was observed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, showing that CNF had the structure of cellulose-I. In addition, the chemical structures of isolated and commercial lignin were analysed using H-NMR spectrometry. CNF had a 72% crystallinity index characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while lignin showed an amorphous form. The characterisation of isolated lignin was compared with commercial lignin. The two lignins had similar particle size distribution from 1 to 100 μm. From UV-visible analysis, the lignin had aromatic rings/non-conjugated phenolic groups. The morphology of isolated lignin was rough and flaky. Commercial lignin was in powder form with near-spherical morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of CNF showed 30% of residue at 600 °C. The results showed a simple method to isolate CNF and lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches.
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CNF was extracted by steam explosion and the by-product was precipitated to obtain lignin by using the soda-pulping method. The concentrations of NaOH used for CNF by-product precipitation were 2%, 4%, and 6%. The morphology of CNF and lignin was characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanofibre of CNF with dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The functional group was observed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, showing that CNF had the structure of cellulose-I. In addition, the chemical structures of isolated and commercial lignin were analysed using H-NMR spectrometry. CNF had a 72% crystallinity index characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), while lignin showed an amorphous form. The characterisation of isolated lignin was compared with commercial lignin. The two lignins had similar particle size distribution from 1 to 100 μm. From UV-visible analysis, the lignin had aromatic rings/non-conjugated phenolic groups. The morphology of isolated lignin was rough and flaky. Commercial lignin was in powder form with near-spherical morphology. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of CNF showed 30% of residue at 600 °C. 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subjects Aromatic compounds
Biomass
Byproducts
Carbon
Cellulose
Electron microscopy
Environmental impact
Fourier transforms
Fruits
Functional groups
Lignin
Mechanical properties
Morphology
Nanofibers
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Particle size
Particle size distribution
Polymers
Pulping
Scanning electron microscopy
Spherical powders
Steam explosions
Thermogravimetric analysis
Transmission electron microscopy
title Isolation and Characterisation of Cellulose Nanofibre and Lignin from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches
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