Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge

Abstract Two treatments were evaluated in heifers to determine the effects of a yeast supplement on immune and metabolic responses to a combined (tandem viral-bacterial) respiratory disease challenge. Thirty-two beef heifers (325 ± 20.1 kg BW) were selected from a larger population previously assign...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:Translational animal science 2019-01, Vol.3 (1), p.135-148
Hauptverfasser: Word, Alyssa B, Broadway, P Rand, Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C, Roberts, Shelby L, Richeson, John T, Liang, Yu L, Holland, Ben P, Cravey, Matt D, Corley, Jimmie R, Ballou, Michael A, Carroll, Jeffery A
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext bestellen
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page 148
container_issue 1
container_start_page 135
container_title Translational animal science
container_volume 3
creator Word, Alyssa B
Broadway, P Rand
Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C
Roberts, Shelby L
Richeson, John T
Liang, Yu L
Holland, Ben P
Cravey, Matt D
Corley, Jimmie R
Ballou, Michael A
Carroll, Jeffery A
description Abstract Two treatments were evaluated in heifers to determine the effects of a yeast supplement on immune and metabolic responses to a combined (tandem viral-bacterial) respiratory disease challenge. Thirty-two beef heifers (325 ± 20.1 kg BW) were selected from a larger population previously assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON), receiving no yeast supplement in the diet, or yeast (YST), CON diet plus a combination live yeast (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) and yeast cell wall (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) supplement (Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI). Heifers were maintained on treatments for 31 d prior to the challenge. On day −3 all heifers were fitted with an indwelling vaginal temperature recording device, received an intranasal challenge with 2 × 108 plaque-forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and placed in outdoor pens. On day 0, all heifers were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter, challenged intratracheally with an average dose of 3.0 × 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of Mannheimia haemolytica in 100 mL media, and were transferred into individual stanchions in an enclosed, environmentally controlled barn. Whole blood samples were collected at −72 h and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (hematology) and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (serum isolation) relative to M. haemolytica challenge (0 h). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures with fixed effects of treatment, time, and the treatment × time interaction. Vaginal temperature and cortisol concentrations were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Although total leukocyte count following BHV-1 challenge was similar between treatments (P = 0.21), there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for CON heifers to have greater neutrophil counts than YST heifers. Serum haptoglobin concentration was similar between treatments (P = 0.13). Heifers in the YST treatment had similar serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.25) and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen compared to CON (P = 0.03). Dietary treatment did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.37). Nasal lesion score severity (0–4) tended (P = 0.07) to be decreased in YST compared to CON (2.5 vs. 3.19 ± 0.26), while water intake tended to be increased in YST (P = 0.06). Feeding a yeast supplement had little effect on the acute-phase response but improved metabolic outcomes in heifers during a respiratory disease challenge.
doi_str_mv 10.1093/tas/txy117
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>gale_TOX</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7200475</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><galeid>A776957284</galeid><oup_id>10.1093/tas/txy117</oup_id><sourcerecordid>A776957284</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-357272b6e1d9f25a8d86850642b5e492e8fc046e5e3181cdc191ebe4448c887b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kl1rFTEQhoMottTe-AsCIoiwbZLNbrI3Qil-FApeqNchm509J5KPNckePT_E_2vqFrEgkosJk2fezAwvQs8puaBkaC-Lzpflx5FS8Qidsk60DaOEPf7rfoLOc_5KCKHDMPSUPEUnLROEC9mfop833q8BsA4T9lD0GJ01OEFeYsiQcZzxCDDjPdgZUsZ5XRYHHkKBCX-3ZY8_aWP2OkV_NJU3kOBgs9WAS8Qam-hHGyp7sEm7ZtSmQLLa_f6ipkpMRzzZDDoDrjrOQdjBM_Rk1i7D-X08Q1_evf18_aG5_fj-5vrqtjG8Y6VpO8EEG3ug0zCzTstJ9rIjPWdjB3xgIGdDeA8dtFRSMxk6UBiBcy6NlGJsz9CbTXdZRw-TqWPVLtWSrNfpqKK26uFLsHu1iwclGKkL7KrAq3uBFL-tkIvyNhtwTgeIa1aMM9ES2nekoi82dKcdKBvmWBXNHa6uhOiHOovklbr4B1XPBN6aGGC2Nf-g4PVWYFLMOcH8p3tK1J1DVHWI2hxS4ZcbHNflf9wv_qS94Q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2427301650</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge</title><source>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</source><creator>Word, Alyssa B ; Broadway, P Rand ; Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C ; Roberts, Shelby L ; Richeson, John T ; Liang, Yu L ; Holland, Ben P ; Cravey, Matt D ; Corley, Jimmie R ; Ballou, Michael A ; Carroll, Jeffery A</creator><creatorcontrib>Word, Alyssa B ; Broadway, P Rand ; Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C ; Roberts, Shelby L ; Richeson, John T ; Liang, Yu L ; Holland, Ben P ; Cravey, Matt D ; Corley, Jimmie R ; Ballou, Michael A ; Carroll, Jeffery A</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract Two treatments were evaluated in heifers to determine the effects of a yeast supplement on immune and metabolic responses to a combined (tandem viral-bacterial) respiratory disease challenge. Thirty-two beef heifers (325 ± 20.1 kg BW) were selected from a larger population previously assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON), receiving no yeast supplement in the diet, or yeast (YST), CON diet plus a combination live yeast (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) and yeast cell wall (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) supplement (Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI). Heifers were maintained on treatments for 31 d prior to the challenge. On day −3 all heifers were fitted with an indwelling vaginal temperature recording device, received an intranasal challenge with 2 × 108 plaque-forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and placed in outdoor pens. On day 0, all heifers were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter, challenged intratracheally with an average dose of 3.0 × 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of Mannheimia haemolytica in 100 mL media, and were transferred into individual stanchions in an enclosed, environmentally controlled barn. Whole blood samples were collected at −72 h and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (hematology) and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (serum isolation) relative to M. haemolytica challenge (0 h). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures with fixed effects of treatment, time, and the treatment × time interaction. Vaginal temperature and cortisol concentrations were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Although total leukocyte count following BHV-1 challenge was similar between treatments (P = 0.21), there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for CON heifers to have greater neutrophil counts than YST heifers. Serum haptoglobin concentration was similar between treatments (P = 0.13). Heifers in the YST treatment had similar serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.25) and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen compared to CON (P = 0.03). Dietary treatment did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.37). Nasal lesion score severity (0–4) tended (P = 0.07) to be decreased in YST compared to CON (2.5 vs. 3.19 ± 0.26), while water intake tended to be increased in YST (P = 0.06). Feeding a yeast supplement had little effect on the acute-phase response but improved metabolic outcomes in heifers during a respiratory disease challenge.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2573-2102</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2573-2102</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy117</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32704786</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Animal Health and Well Being ; Beef cattle ; Corticosteroids ; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ; Fatty acids ; Feedlots ; Haptoglobin ; Immune response ; Lung diseases ; Urea</subject><ispartof>Translational animal science, 2019-01, Vol.3 (1), p.135-148</ispartof><rights>Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science 2018. 2018</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 Oxford University Press</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-357272b6e1d9f25a8d86850642b5e492e8fc046e5e3181cdc191ebe4448c887b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-357272b6e1d9f25a8d86850642b5e492e8fc046e5e3181cdc191ebe4448c887b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0709-871X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7200475/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7200475/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,1598,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><linktorsrc>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy117$$EView_record_in_Oxford_University_Press$$FView_record_in_$$GOxford_University_Press</linktorsrc></links><search><creatorcontrib>Word, Alyssa B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Broadway, P Rand</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roberts, Shelby L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richeson, John T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Yu L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holland, Ben P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cravey, Matt D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corley, Jimmie R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ballou, Michael A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carroll, Jeffery A</creatorcontrib><title>Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge</title><title>Translational animal science</title><description>Abstract Two treatments were evaluated in heifers to determine the effects of a yeast supplement on immune and metabolic responses to a combined (tandem viral-bacterial) respiratory disease challenge. Thirty-two beef heifers (325 ± 20.1 kg BW) were selected from a larger population previously assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON), receiving no yeast supplement in the diet, or yeast (YST), CON diet plus a combination live yeast (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) and yeast cell wall (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) supplement (Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI). Heifers were maintained on treatments for 31 d prior to the challenge. On day −3 all heifers were fitted with an indwelling vaginal temperature recording device, received an intranasal challenge with 2 × 108 plaque-forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and placed in outdoor pens. On day 0, all heifers were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter, challenged intratracheally with an average dose of 3.0 × 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of Mannheimia haemolytica in 100 mL media, and were transferred into individual stanchions in an enclosed, environmentally controlled barn. Whole blood samples were collected at −72 h and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (hematology) and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (serum isolation) relative to M. haemolytica challenge (0 h). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures with fixed effects of treatment, time, and the treatment × time interaction. Vaginal temperature and cortisol concentrations were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Although total leukocyte count following BHV-1 challenge was similar between treatments (P = 0.21), there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for CON heifers to have greater neutrophil counts than YST heifers. Serum haptoglobin concentration was similar between treatments (P = 0.13). Heifers in the YST treatment had similar serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.25) and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen compared to CON (P = 0.03). Dietary treatment did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.37). Nasal lesion score severity (0–4) tended (P = 0.07) to be decreased in YST compared to CON (2.5 vs. 3.19 ± 0.26), while water intake tended to be increased in YST (P = 0.06). Feeding a yeast supplement had little effect on the acute-phase response but improved metabolic outcomes in heifers during a respiratory disease challenge.</description><subject>Animal Health and Well Being</subject><subject>Beef cattle</subject><subject>Corticosteroids</subject><subject>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Feedlots</subject><subject>Haptoglobin</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Lung diseases</subject><subject>Urea</subject><issn>2573-2102</issn><issn>2573-2102</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kl1rFTEQhoMottTe-AsCIoiwbZLNbrI3Qil-FApeqNchm509J5KPNckePT_E_2vqFrEgkosJk2fezAwvQs8puaBkaC-Lzpflx5FS8Qidsk60DaOEPf7rfoLOc_5KCKHDMPSUPEUnLROEC9mfop833q8BsA4T9lD0GJ01OEFeYsiQcZzxCDDjPdgZUsZ5XRYHHkKBCX-3ZY8_aWP2OkV_NJU3kOBgs9WAS8Qam-hHGyp7sEm7ZtSmQLLa_f6ipkpMRzzZDDoDrjrOQdjBM_Rk1i7D-X08Q1_evf18_aG5_fj-5vrqtjG8Y6VpO8EEG3ug0zCzTstJ9rIjPWdjB3xgIGdDeA8dtFRSMxk6UBiBcy6NlGJsz9CbTXdZRw-TqWPVLtWSrNfpqKK26uFLsHu1iwclGKkL7KrAq3uBFL-tkIvyNhtwTgeIa1aMM9ES2nekoi82dKcdKBvmWBXNHa6uhOiHOovklbr4B1XPBN6aGGC2Nf-g4PVWYFLMOcH8p3tK1J1DVHWI2hxS4ZcbHNflf9wv_qS94Q</recordid><startdate>20190101</startdate><enddate>20190101</enddate><creator>Word, Alyssa B</creator><creator>Broadway, P Rand</creator><creator>Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C</creator><creator>Roberts, Shelby L</creator><creator>Richeson, John T</creator><creator>Liang, Yu L</creator><creator>Holland, Ben P</creator><creator>Cravey, Matt D</creator><creator>Corley, Jimmie R</creator><creator>Ballou, Michael A</creator><creator>Carroll, Jeffery A</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-871X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190101</creationdate><title>Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge</title><author>Word, Alyssa B ; Broadway, P Rand ; Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C ; Roberts, Shelby L ; Richeson, John T ; Liang, Yu L ; Holland, Ben P ; Cravey, Matt D ; Corley, Jimmie R ; Ballou, Michael A ; Carroll, Jeffery A</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c452t-357272b6e1d9f25a8d86850642b5e492e8fc046e5e3181cdc191ebe4448c887b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Animal Health and Well Being</topic><topic>Beef cattle</topic><topic>Corticosteroids</topic><topic>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Feedlots</topic><topic>Haptoglobin</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Lung diseases</topic><topic>Urea</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Word, Alyssa B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Broadway, P Rand</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roberts, Shelby L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richeson, John T</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Yu L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Holland, Ben P</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cravey, Matt D</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Corley, Jimmie R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ballou, Michael A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carroll, Jeffery A</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Translational animal science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext_linktorsrc</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Word, Alyssa B</au><au>Broadway, P Rand</au><au>Burdick Sanchez, Nicole C</au><au>Roberts, Shelby L</au><au>Richeson, John T</au><au>Liang, Yu L</au><au>Holland, Ben P</au><au>Cravey, Matt D</au><au>Corley, Jimmie R</au><au>Ballou, Michael A</au><au>Carroll, Jeffery A</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge</atitle><jtitle>Translational animal science</jtitle><date>2019-01-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>3</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>135</spage><epage>148</epage><pages>135-148</pages><issn>2573-2102</issn><eissn>2573-2102</eissn><abstract>Abstract Two treatments were evaluated in heifers to determine the effects of a yeast supplement on immune and metabolic responses to a combined (tandem viral-bacterial) respiratory disease challenge. Thirty-two beef heifers (325 ± 20.1 kg BW) were selected from a larger population previously assigned to one of two treatments: Control (CON), receiving no yeast supplement in the diet, or yeast (YST), CON diet plus a combination live yeast (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) and yeast cell wall (2.5 g·heifer−1·d−1) supplement (Phileo Lesaffre Animal Care, Milwaukee, WI). Heifers were maintained on treatments for 31 d prior to the challenge. On day −3 all heifers were fitted with an indwelling vaginal temperature recording device, received an intranasal challenge with 2 × 108 plaque-forming units of bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), and placed in outdoor pens. On day 0, all heifers were fitted with an indwelling jugular catheter, challenged intratracheally with an average dose of 3.0 × 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of Mannheimia haemolytica in 100 mL media, and were transferred into individual stanchions in an enclosed, environmentally controlled barn. Whole blood samples were collected at −72 h and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (hematology) and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h (serum isolation) relative to M. haemolytica challenge (0 h). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS specific for repeated measures with fixed effects of treatment, time, and the treatment × time interaction. Vaginal temperature and cortisol concentrations were similar between treatments (P ≥ 0.39). Although total leukocyte count following BHV-1 challenge was similar between treatments (P = 0.21), there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for CON heifers to have greater neutrophil counts than YST heifers. Serum haptoglobin concentration was similar between treatments (P = 0.13). Heifers in the YST treatment had similar serum glucose concentrations (P = 0.25) and decreased serum concentrations of urea nitrogen compared to CON (P = 0.03). Dietary treatment did not affect serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.37). Nasal lesion score severity (0–4) tended (P = 0.07) to be decreased in YST compared to CON (2.5 vs. 3.19 ± 0.26), while water intake tended to be increased in YST (P = 0.06). Feeding a yeast supplement had little effect on the acute-phase response but improved metabolic outcomes in heifers during a respiratory disease challenge.</abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>32704786</pmid><doi>10.1093/tas/txy117</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0709-871X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext_linktorsrc
identifier ISSN: 2573-2102
ispartof Translational animal science, 2019-01, Vol.3 (1), p.135-148
issn 2573-2102
2573-2102
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7200475
source Oxford Journals Open Access Collection
subjects Animal Health and Well Being
Beef cattle
Corticosteroids
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Fatty acids
Feedlots
Haptoglobin
Immune response
Lung diseases
Urea
title Immune and metabolic responses of beef heifers supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a combined viral-bacterial respiratory disease challenge
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-18T21%3A31%3A34IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-gale_TOX&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immune%20and%20metabolic%20responses%20of%20beef%20heifers%20supplemented%20with%20Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae%20to%20a%20combined%20viral-bacterial%20respiratory%20disease%20challenge&rft.jtitle=Translational%20animal%20science&rft.au=Word,%20Alyssa%20B&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=135&rft.epage=148&rft.pages=135-148&rft.issn=2573-2102&rft.eissn=2573-2102&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/tas/txy117&rft_dat=%3Cgale_TOX%3EA776957284%3C/gale_TOX%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2427301650&rft_id=info:pmid/32704786&rft_galeid=A776957284&rft_oup_id=10.1093/tas/txy117&rfr_iscdi=true