Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus
[Display omitted] •Droplet evaporation and transport (initial size 10 μm/50 μm) in bus are studied by CFD.•Five ventilation modes and two relative humidities (RH=35 %/95 %) are considered.•10 μm droplets evaporate quickly (
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of hazardous materials 2020-10, Vol.397, p.122609-122609, Article 122609 |
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| creator | Yang, Xia Ou, Cuiyun Yang, Hongyu Liu, Li Song, Tie Kang, Min Lin, Hualiang Hang, Jian |
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•Droplet evaporation and transport (initial size 10 μm/50 μm) in bus are studied by CFD.•Five ventilation modes and two relative humidities (RH=35 %/95 %) are considered.•10 μm droplets evaporate quickly ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122609 |
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| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7152903</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0304389420305987</els_id><sourcerecordid>2439385496</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-e84b8cbd5d55f42447d6cac0ec89c5ec8996f6af02149a9d08eeb9e507d7ce2f3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkE1v2zAMhoVhxZp-_IQNPu7ilPq0ddlQFFtboEAv7VmQJbpR4Eie5BRrf_0cJCu2Uy8kQL58ST6EfKawpEDVxXq5XtnXjZ2WDNhcY0yB_kAWtG14zTlXH8kCOIiat1ock5NS1gBAGyk-kWPOuKKqoQty-ZBtLJtQSkixSn012mmVnjDWg_UYK_w9hmynlF8qn9M44FSqECtbuWTdquq25Ywc9XYoeH7Ip-Tx54-Hq5v67v769uryrnYSYKqxFV3rOi-9lL1gQjReOesAXaud3EWtemV7YFRoqz20iJ1GCY1vHLKen5Jve99x223QO4xTtoMZc9jY_GKSDeb_Tgwr85SeTUMl08Bng68Hg5x-bbFMZn7b4TDYiGlbDBNc81YKrWap3EtdTqVk7N_WUDA7_GZtDvjNDr_Z45_nvvx749vUX96z4PtegDOp54DZFBcwOvQho5uMT-GdFX8A3xObLw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2439385496</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Yang, Xia ; Ou, Cuiyun ; Yang, Hongyu ; Liu, Li ; Song, Tie ; Kang, Min ; Lin, Hualiang ; Hang, Jian</creator><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xia ; Ou, Cuiyun ; Yang, Hongyu ; Liu, Li ; Song, Tie ; Kang, Min ; Lin, Hualiang ; Hang, Jian</creatorcontrib><description>[Display omitted]
•Droplet evaporation and transport (initial size 10 μm/50 μm) in bus are studied by CFD.•Five ventilation modes and two relative humidities (RH=35 %/95 %) are considered.•10 μm droplets evaporate quickly (<0.2 s) and spread farther/wider than 50 μm (<1.8 s/7 s).•RH = 95 % induces less droplets suspended in air and more deposition fraction (85 %–100 %).•Wet air, sitting at nonadjacent seats, supply to bus backward reduce infection risk.
Droplet dispersion carrying viruses/bacteria in enclosed/crowded buses may induce transmissions of respiratory infectious diseases, but the influencing mechanisms have been rarely investigated. By conducting high-resolution CFD simulations, this paper investigates the evaporation and transport of solid-liquid mixed droplets (initial diameter 10 μm and 50 μm, solid to liquid ratio is 1:9) exhaled in a coach bus with 14 thermal manikins. Five air-conditioning supply directions and ambient relative humidity (RH = 35 % and 95 %) are considered.
Results show that ventilation effectiveness, RH and initial droplet size significantly influence droplet transmissions in coach bus. 50 μm droplets tend to evaporate completely within 1.8 s and 7 s as RH = 35 % and 95 % respectively, while 0.2 s or less for 10 μm droplets. Thus 10 μm droplets diffuse farther with wider range than 50 μm droplets which tend to deposit more on surfaces. Droplet dispersion pattern differs due to various interactions of gravity, ventilation flows and the upward thermal body plume. The fractions of droplets suspended in air, deposited on wall surfaces are quantified. This study implies high RH, backward supply direction and passengers sitting at nonadjacent seats can effectively reduce infection risk of droplet transmission in buses. Besides taking masks, regular cleaning is also recommended since 85 %–100 % of droplets deposit on object surfaces.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0304-3894</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-3336</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122609</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32361671</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>air ; air conditioning ; bacteria ; bus transportation ; cleaning ; Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation ; Droplet dispersion ; Droplet evaporation ; droplet size ; droplets ; Enclosed bus environment ; evaporation ; Exhalation ; gravity ; infectious diseases ; inhalation exposure ; Motor Vehicles ; Relative humidity ; Ventilation ; viruses</subject><ispartof>Journal of hazardous materials, 2020-10, Vol.397, p.122609-122609, Article 122609</ispartof><rights>2020</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.</rights><rights>2020 Published by Elsevier B.V. 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-e84b8cbd5d55f42447d6cac0ec89c5ec8996f6af02149a9d08eeb9e507d7ce2f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-e84b8cbd5d55f42447d6cac0ec89c5ec8996f6af02149a9d08eeb9e507d7ce2f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9881-5077</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389420305987$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3536,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32361671$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ou, Cuiyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Hongyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Tie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Hualiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hang, Jian</creatorcontrib><title>Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus</title><title>Journal of hazardous materials</title><addtitle>J Hazard Mater</addtitle><description>[Display omitted]
•Droplet evaporation and transport (initial size 10 μm/50 μm) in bus are studied by CFD.•Five ventilation modes and two relative humidities (RH=35 %/95 %) are considered.•10 μm droplets evaporate quickly (<0.2 s) and spread farther/wider than 50 μm (<1.8 s/7 s).•RH = 95 % induces less droplets suspended in air and more deposition fraction (85 %–100 %).•Wet air, sitting at nonadjacent seats, supply to bus backward reduce infection risk.
Droplet dispersion carrying viruses/bacteria in enclosed/crowded buses may induce transmissions of respiratory infectious diseases, but the influencing mechanisms have been rarely investigated. By conducting high-resolution CFD simulations, this paper investigates the evaporation and transport of solid-liquid mixed droplets (initial diameter 10 μm and 50 μm, solid to liquid ratio is 1:9) exhaled in a coach bus with 14 thermal manikins. Five air-conditioning supply directions and ambient relative humidity (RH = 35 % and 95 %) are considered.
Results show that ventilation effectiveness, RH and initial droplet size significantly influence droplet transmissions in coach bus. 50 μm droplets tend to evaporate completely within 1.8 s and 7 s as RH = 35 % and 95 % respectively, while 0.2 s or less for 10 μm droplets. Thus 10 μm droplets diffuse farther with wider range than 50 μm droplets which tend to deposit more on surfaces. Droplet dispersion pattern differs due to various interactions of gravity, ventilation flows and the upward thermal body plume. The fractions of droplets suspended in air, deposited on wall surfaces are quantified. This study implies high RH, backward supply direction and passengers sitting at nonadjacent seats can effectively reduce infection risk of droplet transmission in buses. Besides taking masks, regular cleaning is also recommended since 85 %–100 % of droplets deposit on object surfaces.</description><subject>air</subject><subject>air conditioning</subject><subject>bacteria</subject><subject>bus transportation</subject><subject>cleaning</subject><subject>Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation</subject><subject>Droplet dispersion</subject><subject>Droplet evaporation</subject><subject>droplet size</subject><subject>droplets</subject><subject>Enclosed bus environment</subject><subject>evaporation</subject><subject>Exhalation</subject><subject>gravity</subject><subject>infectious diseases</subject><subject>inhalation exposure</subject><subject>Motor Vehicles</subject><subject>Relative humidity</subject><subject>Ventilation</subject><subject>viruses</subject><issn>0304-3894</issn><issn>1873-3336</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkE1v2zAMhoVhxZp-_IQNPu7ilPq0ddlQFFtboEAv7VmQJbpR4Eie5BRrf_0cJCu2Uy8kQL58ST6EfKawpEDVxXq5XtnXjZ2WDNhcY0yB_kAWtG14zTlXH8kCOIiat1ock5NS1gBAGyk-kWPOuKKqoQty-ZBtLJtQSkixSn012mmVnjDWg_UYK_w9hmynlF8qn9M44FSqECtbuWTdquq25Ywc9XYoeH7Ip-Tx54-Hq5v67v769uryrnYSYKqxFV3rOi-9lL1gQjReOesAXaud3EWtemV7YFRoqz20iJ1GCY1vHLKen5Jve99x223QO4xTtoMZc9jY_GKSDeb_Tgwr85SeTUMl08Bng68Hg5x-bbFMZn7b4TDYiGlbDBNc81YKrWap3EtdTqVk7N_WUDA7_GZtDvjNDr_Z45_nvvx749vUX96z4PtegDOp54DZFBcwOvQho5uMT-GdFX8A3xObLw</recordid><startdate>20201005</startdate><enddate>20201005</enddate><creator>Yang, Xia</creator><creator>Ou, Cuiyun</creator><creator>Yang, Hongyu</creator><creator>Liu, Li</creator><creator>Song, Tie</creator><creator>Kang, Min</creator><creator>Lin, Hualiang</creator><creator>Hang, Jian</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Published by Elsevier B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9881-5077</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20201005</creationdate><title>Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus</title><author>Yang, Xia ; Ou, Cuiyun ; Yang, Hongyu ; Liu, Li ; Song, Tie ; Kang, Min ; Lin, Hualiang ; Hang, Jian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c500t-e84b8cbd5d55f42447d6cac0ec89c5ec8996f6af02149a9d08eeb9e507d7ce2f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>air</topic><topic>air conditioning</topic><topic>bacteria</topic><topic>bus transportation</topic><topic>cleaning</topic><topic>Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation</topic><topic>Droplet dispersion</topic><topic>Droplet evaporation</topic><topic>droplet size</topic><topic>droplets</topic><topic>Enclosed bus environment</topic><topic>evaporation</topic><topic>Exhalation</topic><topic>gravity</topic><topic>infectious diseases</topic><topic>inhalation exposure</topic><topic>Motor Vehicles</topic><topic>Relative humidity</topic><topic>Ventilation</topic><topic>viruses</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Yang, Xia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ou, Cuiyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Hongyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Li</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Song, Tie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kang, Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lin, Hualiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hang, Jian</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of hazardous materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Yang, Xia</au><au>Ou, Cuiyun</au><au>Yang, Hongyu</au><au>Liu, Li</au><au>Song, Tie</au><au>Kang, Min</au><au>Lin, Hualiang</au><au>Hang, Jian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus</atitle><jtitle>Journal of hazardous materials</jtitle><addtitle>J Hazard Mater</addtitle><date>2020-10-05</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>397</volume><spage>122609</spage><epage>122609</epage><pages>122609-122609</pages><artnum>122609</artnum><issn>0304-3894</issn><eissn>1873-3336</eissn><abstract>[Display omitted]
•Droplet evaporation and transport (initial size 10 μm/50 μm) in bus are studied by CFD.•Five ventilation modes and two relative humidities (RH=35 %/95 %) are considered.•10 μm droplets evaporate quickly (<0.2 s) and spread farther/wider than 50 μm (<1.8 s/7 s).•RH = 95 % induces less droplets suspended in air and more deposition fraction (85 %–100 %).•Wet air, sitting at nonadjacent seats, supply to bus backward reduce infection risk.
Droplet dispersion carrying viruses/bacteria in enclosed/crowded buses may induce transmissions of respiratory infectious diseases, but the influencing mechanisms have been rarely investigated. By conducting high-resolution CFD simulations, this paper investigates the evaporation and transport of solid-liquid mixed droplets (initial diameter 10 μm and 50 μm, solid to liquid ratio is 1:9) exhaled in a coach bus with 14 thermal manikins. Five air-conditioning supply directions and ambient relative humidity (RH = 35 % and 95 %) are considered.
Results show that ventilation effectiveness, RH and initial droplet size significantly influence droplet transmissions in coach bus. 50 μm droplets tend to evaporate completely within 1.8 s and 7 s as RH = 35 % and 95 % respectively, while 0.2 s or less for 10 μm droplets. Thus 10 μm droplets diffuse farther with wider range than 50 μm droplets which tend to deposit more on surfaces. Droplet dispersion pattern differs due to various interactions of gravity, ventilation flows and the upward thermal body plume. The fractions of droplets suspended in air, deposited on wall surfaces are quantified. This study implies high RH, backward supply direction and passengers sitting at nonadjacent seats can effectively reduce infection risk of droplet transmission in buses. Besides taking masks, regular cleaning is also recommended since 85 %–100 % of droplets deposit on object surfaces.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>32361671</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122609</doi><tpages>1</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9881-5077</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | air air conditioning bacteria bus transportation cleaning Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation Droplet dispersion Droplet evaporation droplet size droplets Enclosed bus environment evaporation Exhalation gravity infectious diseases inhalation exposure Motor Vehicles Relative humidity Ventilation viruses |
| title | Transmission of pathogen-laden expiratory droplets in a coach bus |
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