History, Evolution and Current State of Ovarian Tissue Auto-Transplantation with Cryopreserved Tissue: a Successful Translational Research Journey from 1999 to 2020

The loss of fertility and early menopause are common after gonadotoxic therapies and radical pelvic surgery. The strategy of ovarian tissue cryopreservation and auto-transplantation was introduced to prevent this significant quality of health issue. Ovarian transplantation with cryopreserved tissue has gone through remarkable evolution in the last 20 years. In this review, we detail the history and evolution of ovarian transplantation with cryopreserved tissue from its origins to the present. Ovarian cryopreservation and transplantation approach was first tested with animal models. The approach was then validated in human ovarian xenografting models before being applied to patients in pioneering clinical studies. The first orthotopic and heterotopic approaches to ovarian transplantation was developed by Oktay et al. who reported the first successful restoration of ovarian function with these approaches beginning in 2000 with first embryo development in 2004. Controversy remains on when the first live birth occurred after orthotopic ovarian transplantation with cryopreserved tissue as the patient was ovulating with elevated progesterone levels in the case reported in 2004; first live birth is likely to be the one reported by Meirow et al. in 2005. Nevertheless, the technique has evolved to reach a level where most recent live birth rates are exceeding 35% and the procedure is no longer considered experimental by many.