Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study
The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Nutrients 2020-02, Vol.12 (3), p.661 |
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| creator | Mazahery, Hajar Conlon, Cathryn A Beck, Kathryn L Mugridge, Owen Kruger, Marlena C Stonehouse, Welma Camargo, Jr, Carlos A Meyer, Barbara J Tsang, Bobby von Hurst, Pamela R |
| description | The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with these nutrients is heterogenous and may be influenced by inflammatory state. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of these nutrients on core symptoms of ASD. Methods
Seventy-three New Zealand children with ASD (2.5-8.0 years) completed a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D (VID, 2000 IU/day), omega-3 LCPUFA; (OM, 722 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid), or both (VIDOM). Non-fasting baseline plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was available for 67 children (VID = 15, OM = 21, VIDOM = 15, placebo = 16). Children were categorised as having undetectable/normal IL-1β ( 0.10); OM and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness. When only children with elevated IL-1β were included, five outcomes showed greater improvements: OM (
= 0.01) for SRS-total; OM (
= 0.03) for SRS-social communicative functioning; VID (
= 0.01), OM (
= 0.003) and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness.
Inflammatory state may have modulated responses to vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA intervention in children with ASD, suggesting children with elevated inflammation may benefit more from daily vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/nu12030661 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7146497</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2370534377</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-2084f2c23b668b9e638b56947636dad2ba7f30d9eb54a33ff4fe94aea1830e0d3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkt1qFDEUgAdRbKm98QEk4E0tjGaSbLJzIyzbrS6stLDqbchMkt2USTLmR5zHqg_iM5mltVaTiwTOx3fOSU5VvWzgW4xb-M7lBkEMKW2eVMcIMlRTSvDTR_ej6jTGG3hYDDKKn1dHGDVlY3pc3a6dHoS1IhnvwNl6Uze_fr4Bn7w02qgI0l6BldaqT8Br8NUkYY0DF0A4Ca6s2okag413O7DcixK49sOUXRQpB5GUBJcipQkseiMjKP6lDwpsJzsmb-NBuMjJRAu2Y0kQsgUXJvogVagXDqx-jIMvGh8mcG0Gn8A2ZTm9qJ5pMUR1en-eVF8uV5-XH-vN1Yf1crGpewJpqhGcE416hDtK512rKJ53M9qS8gBUCok6wTSGslXdjAiMtSZatUQo0cwxVFDik-r9nXfMnVWyVy4FMfAxGCvCxL0w_N-IM3u-8985awglLSuCs3tB8N-yiolbE3s1DMIpnyNHmMEZJpgd0Nf_oTc-B1fa44gg2DBWeirU-R3VBx9jUPqhmAbywzDwv8NQ4FePy39A_3w9_g0kDbE9</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2420177406</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Mazahery, Hajar ; Conlon, Cathryn A ; Beck, Kathryn L ; Mugridge, Owen ; Kruger, Marlena C ; Stonehouse, Welma ; Camargo, Jr, Carlos A ; Meyer, Barbara J ; Tsang, Bobby ; von Hurst, Pamela R</creator><creatorcontrib>Mazahery, Hajar ; Conlon, Cathryn A ; Beck, Kathryn L ; Mugridge, Owen ; Kruger, Marlena C ; Stonehouse, Welma ; Camargo, Jr, Carlos A ; Meyer, Barbara J ; Tsang, Bobby ; von Hurst, Pamela R</creatorcontrib><description>The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with these nutrients is heterogenous and may be influenced by inflammatory state. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of these nutrients on core symptoms of ASD. Methods
Seventy-three New Zealand children with ASD (2.5-8.0 years) completed a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D (VID, 2000 IU/day), omega-3 LCPUFA; (OM, 722 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid), or both (VIDOM). Non-fasting baseline plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was available for 67 children (VID = 15, OM = 21, VIDOM = 15, placebo = 16). Children were categorised as having undetectable/normal IL-1β (<3.2 pg/ml,
=15) or elevated IL-1β (≥3.2 pg/mL,
= 52). The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaire was used to assess core symptoms of ASD (baseline, 12-month). Mixed model repeated measure analyses (including all children or only children with elevated IL-1β) were used.
We found evidence for an interaction between baseline IL-1β and treatment response for SRS-total, SRS-social communicative functioning, SRS-awareness and SRS-communication (all
< 0.10). When all children were included in the analysis, two outcome comparisons (treatments vs. placebo) showed greater improvements: VID, no effect (all
> 0.10); OM and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness. When only children with elevated IL-1β were included, five outcomes showed greater improvements: OM (
= 0.01) for SRS-total; OM (
= 0.03) for SRS-social communicative functioning; VID (
= 0.01), OM (
= 0.003) and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness.
Inflammatory state may have modulated responses to vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA intervention in children with ASD, suggesting children with elevated inflammation may benefit more from daily vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2072-6643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/nu12030661</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32121236</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Age ; Animal cognition ; Autism ; Autism Spectrum Disorder - drug therapy ; Brain research ; Calciferol ; Caregivers ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Clinical trials ; Cytokines ; Docosahexaenoic acid ; Fatty acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; IL-1β ; Inflammation ; Inflammation - drug therapy ; Interleukin-1beta - metabolism ; Male ; Medical diagnosis ; Nervous system ; Nutrients ; Nutrition research ; Pilot Projects ; Polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Questionnaires ; Randomization ; Social interaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D - therapeutic use ; Vitamin deficiency</subject><ispartof>Nutrients, 2020-02, Vol.12 (3), p.661</ispartof><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 by the authors. 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-2084f2c23b668b9e638b56947636dad2ba7f30d9eb54a33ff4fe94aea1830e0d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-2084f2c23b668b9e638b56947636dad2ba7f30d9eb54a33ff4fe94aea1830e0d3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6326-7501 ; 0000-0002-5071-7654 ; 0000-0001-7962-7890 ; 0000-0002-8646-9672 ; 0000-0002-2856-4962</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146497/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146497/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32121236$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Mazahery, Hajar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conlon, Cathryn A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Kathryn L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mugridge, Owen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kruger, Marlena C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stonehouse, Welma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Camargo, Jr, Carlos A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer, Barbara J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsang, Bobby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Hurst, Pamela R</creatorcontrib><title>Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study</title><title>Nutrients</title><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><description>The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with these nutrients is heterogenous and may be influenced by inflammatory state. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of these nutrients on core symptoms of ASD. Methods
Seventy-three New Zealand children with ASD (2.5-8.0 years) completed a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D (VID, 2000 IU/day), omega-3 LCPUFA; (OM, 722 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid), or both (VIDOM). Non-fasting baseline plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was available for 67 children (VID = 15, OM = 21, VIDOM = 15, placebo = 16). Children were categorised as having undetectable/normal IL-1β (<3.2 pg/ml,
=15) or elevated IL-1β (≥3.2 pg/mL,
= 52). The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaire was used to assess core symptoms of ASD (baseline, 12-month). Mixed model repeated measure analyses (including all children or only children with elevated IL-1β) were used.
We found evidence for an interaction between baseline IL-1β and treatment response for SRS-total, SRS-social communicative functioning, SRS-awareness and SRS-communication (all
< 0.10). When all children were included in the analysis, two outcome comparisons (treatments vs. placebo) showed greater improvements: VID, no effect (all
> 0.10); OM and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness. When only children with elevated IL-1β were included, five outcomes showed greater improvements: OM (
= 0.01) for SRS-total; OM (
= 0.03) for SRS-social communicative functioning; VID (
= 0.01), OM (
= 0.003) and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness.
Inflammatory state may have modulated responses to vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA intervention in children with ASD, suggesting children with elevated inflammation may benefit more from daily vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Animal cognition</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Autism Spectrum Disorder - drug therapy</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Calciferol</subject><subject>Caregivers</subject><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Cytokines</subject><subject>Docosahexaenoic acid</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>IL-1β</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammation - drug therapy</subject><subject>Interleukin-1beta - metabolism</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Nervous system</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Pilot Projects</subject><subject>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Randomization</subject><subject>Social interaction</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Vitamin deficiency</subject><issn>2072-6643</issn><issn>2072-6643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkt1qFDEUgAdRbKm98QEk4E0tjGaSbLJzIyzbrS6stLDqbchMkt2USTLmR5zHqg_iM5mltVaTiwTOx3fOSU5VvWzgW4xb-M7lBkEMKW2eVMcIMlRTSvDTR_ej6jTGG3hYDDKKn1dHGDVlY3pc3a6dHoS1IhnvwNl6Uze_fr4Bn7w02qgI0l6BldaqT8Br8NUkYY0DF0A4Ca6s2okag413O7DcixK49sOUXRQpB5GUBJcipQkseiMjKP6lDwpsJzsmb-NBuMjJRAu2Y0kQsgUXJvogVagXDqx-jIMvGh8mcG0Gn8A2ZTm9qJ5pMUR1en-eVF8uV5-XH-vN1Yf1crGpewJpqhGcE416hDtK512rKJ53M9qS8gBUCok6wTSGslXdjAiMtSZatUQo0cwxVFDik-r9nXfMnVWyVy4FMfAxGCvCxL0w_N-IM3u-8985awglLSuCs3tB8N-yiolbE3s1DMIpnyNHmMEZJpgd0Nf_oTc-B1fa44gg2DBWeirU-R3VBx9jUPqhmAbywzDwv8NQ4FePy39A_3w9_g0kDbE9</recordid><startdate>20200228</startdate><enddate>20200228</enddate><creator>Mazahery, Hajar</creator><creator>Conlon, Cathryn A</creator><creator>Beck, Kathryn L</creator><creator>Mugridge, Owen</creator><creator>Kruger, Marlena C</creator><creator>Stonehouse, Welma</creator><creator>Camargo, Jr, Carlos A</creator><creator>Meyer, Barbara J</creator><creator>Tsang, Bobby</creator><creator>von Hurst, Pamela R</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6326-7501</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-7654</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-7890</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-9672</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-4962</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200228</creationdate><title>Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study</title><author>Mazahery, Hajar ; Conlon, Cathryn A ; Beck, Kathryn L ; Mugridge, Owen ; Kruger, Marlena C ; Stonehouse, Welma ; Camargo, Jr, Carlos A ; Meyer, Barbara J ; Tsang, Bobby ; von Hurst, Pamela R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-2084f2c23b668b9e638b56947636dad2ba7f30d9eb54a33ff4fe94aea1830e0d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Animal cognition</topic><topic>Autism</topic><topic>Autism Spectrum Disorder - drug therapy</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Calciferol</topic><topic>Caregivers</topic><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Cytokines</topic><topic>Docosahexaenoic acid</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>IL-1β</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Inflammation - drug therapy</topic><topic>Interleukin-1beta - metabolism</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical diagnosis</topic><topic>Nervous system</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Pilot Projects</topic><topic>Polyunsaturated fatty acids</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Randomization</topic><topic>Social interaction</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Tumor necrosis factor-TNF</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin D - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Vitamin deficiency</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Mazahery, Hajar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Conlon, Cathryn A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Beck, Kathryn L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mugridge, Owen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kruger, Marlena C</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stonehouse, Welma</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Camargo, Jr, Carlos A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Meyer, Barbara J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tsang, Bobby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>von Hurst, Pamela R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>ProQuest Health and Medical</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Mazahery, Hajar</au><au>Conlon, Cathryn A</au><au>Beck, Kathryn L</au><au>Mugridge, Owen</au><au>Kruger, Marlena C</au><au>Stonehouse, Welma</au><au>Camargo, Jr, Carlos A</au><au>Meyer, Barbara J</au><au>Tsang, Bobby</au><au>von Hurst, Pamela R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study</atitle><jtitle>Nutrients</jtitle><addtitle>Nutrients</addtitle><date>2020-02-28</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>12</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>661</spage><pages>661-</pages><issn>2072-6643</issn><eissn>2072-6643</eissn><abstract>The role of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFA) in improving core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children has been investigated by a few randomised controlled trials and the results are mixed and inconclusive. The response to treatment with these nutrients is heterogenous and may be influenced by inflammatory state. As an exploratory analysis, we investigated whether inflammatory state would modulate the effect of these nutrients on core symptoms of ASD. Methods
Seventy-three New Zealand children with ASD (2.5-8.0 years) completed a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D (VID, 2000 IU/day), omega-3 LCPUFA; (OM, 722 mg/day docosahexaenoic acid), or both (VIDOM). Non-fasting baseline plasma interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was available for 67 children (VID = 15, OM = 21, VIDOM = 15, placebo = 16). Children were categorised as having undetectable/normal IL-1β (<3.2 pg/ml,
=15) or elevated IL-1β (≥3.2 pg/mL,
= 52). The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) questionnaire was used to assess core symptoms of ASD (baseline, 12-month). Mixed model repeated measure analyses (including all children or only children with elevated IL-1β) were used.
We found evidence for an interaction between baseline IL-1β and treatment response for SRS-total, SRS-social communicative functioning, SRS-awareness and SRS-communication (all
< 0.10). When all children were included in the analysis, two outcome comparisons (treatments vs. placebo) showed greater improvements: VID, no effect (all
> 0.10); OM and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness. When only children with elevated IL-1β were included, five outcomes showed greater improvements: OM (
= 0.01) for SRS-total; OM (
= 0.03) for SRS-social communicative functioning; VID (
= 0.01), OM (
= 0.003) and VIDOM (
= 0.01) for SRS-awareness.
Inflammatory state may have modulated responses to vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA intervention in children with ASD, suggesting children with elevated inflammation may benefit more from daily vitamin D and omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>32121236</pmid><doi>10.3390/nu12030661</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6326-7501</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5071-7654</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-7890</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8646-9672</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2856-4962</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Nutrients, 2020-02, Vol.12 (3), p.661 |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Age Animal cognition Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder - drug therapy Brain research Calciferol Caregivers Child Child, Preschool Children Clinical trials Cytokines Docosahexaenoic acid Fatty acids Fatty Acids, Omega-3 - therapeutic use Female Humans IL-1β Inflammation Inflammation - drug therapy Interleukin-1beta - metabolism Male Medical diagnosis Nervous system Nutrients Nutrition research Pilot Projects Polyunsaturated fatty acids Questionnaires Randomization Social interaction Surveys and Questionnaires Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Vitamin D Vitamin D - therapeutic use Vitamin deficiency |
| title | Inflammation (IL-1β) Modifies the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Core Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder-An Exploratory Pilot Study |
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