Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children
There has been an increasing need for the risk assessment of external environmental hazards in children because they are more sensitive to hazardous chemical exposure than adults. Therefore, the development of general exposure factors is required for appropriate risk assessment in Korean children. T...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2020-03, Vol.17 (6), p.1988 |
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| container_issue | 6 |
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| container_title | International journal of environmental research and public health |
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| creator | Yoon, Hyojung Yoo, Sun-Kyoung Seo, Jungkwan Kim, Taksoo Kim, Pyeongsoon Kim, Pil-Je Park, Jinhyeon Heo, Jung Yang, Wonho |
| description | There has been an increasing need for the risk assessment of external environmental hazards in children because they are more sensitive to hazardous chemical exposure than adults. Therefore, the development of general exposure factors is required for appropriate risk assessment in Korean children. This study aimed to determine the general exposure factors among Korean children aged ≤18 years. We developed the recommended exposure factors across five categories: physiological variables, inhalation rates, food and drinking water intake, time-activity patterns, and soil and dust ingestion. National databases were used, and direct measurements and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, water intake, and soil ingestion rate. With regard to the time-activity patterns, the daily inhalation rates ranged from 9.49 m
/day for children aged 0-2 years to 14.98 m
/day for those aged 16-18 years. This study found that Korean children spent an average of 22.64 h indoors, 0.63 h outdoors, and 0.73 h in-transit on weekdays. The general exposure factors of Korean children were studied for the first time, and these results could be used to assess children's exposure and risk. They also suggest the differences compared with the results of international results. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/IJERPH17061988 |
| format | Article |
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/day for children aged 0-2 years to 14.98 m
/day for those aged 16-18 years. This study found that Korean children spent an average of 22.64 h indoors, 0.63 h outdoors, and 0.73 h in-transit on weekdays. The general exposure factors of Korean children were studied for the first time, and these results could be used to assess children's exposure and risk. They also suggest the differences compared with the results of international results.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/IJERPH17061988</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32197312</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Activity patterns ; Age ; Children ; Diaries ; Drinking water ; Environmental assessment ; Environmental hazards ; Exposure ; Food ; Food intake ; Handbooks ; Hazardous materials ; Ingestion ; Inhalation ; Mouth ; Physiological effects ; Physiology ; Polls & surveys ; Pollutants ; Questionnaires ; Respiration ; Risk assessment ; Risk factors ; Shellfish ; Soil water ; Student organizations ; Water intake ; Water intakes</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2020-03, Vol.17 (6), p.1988</ispartof><rights>2020. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 by the authors. 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-69eb545a9d5f270e10e5806eb070e75ce6c2a5e16130dbfaa67680cbc9193bd23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-69eb545a9d5f270e10e5806eb070e75ce6c2a5e16130dbfaa67680cbc9193bd23</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2776-5989 ; 0000-0002-9181-6739</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7142402/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7142402/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,27924,27925,53791,53793</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32197312$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Yoon, Hyojung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoo, Sun-Kyoung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seo, Jungkwan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Taksoo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Pyeongsoon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Pil-Je</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jinhyeon</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heo, Jung</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Wonho</creatorcontrib><title>Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>There has been an increasing need for the risk assessment of external environmental hazards in children because they are more sensitive to hazardous chemical exposure than adults. Therefore, the development of general exposure factors is required for appropriate risk assessment in Korean children. This study aimed to determine the general exposure factors among Korean children aged ≤18 years. We developed the recommended exposure factors across five categories: physiological variables, inhalation rates, food and drinking water intake, time-activity patterns, and soil and dust ingestion. National databases were used, and direct measurements and questionnaire surveys of representative samples were performed to calculate the inhalation rate, water intake, and soil ingestion rate. With regard to the time-activity patterns, the daily inhalation rates ranged from 9.49 m
/day for children aged 0-2 years to 14.98 m
/day for those aged 16-18 years. This study found that Korean children spent an average of 22.64 h indoors, 0.63 h outdoors, and 0.73 h in-transit on weekdays. The general exposure factors of Korean children were studied for the first time, and these results could be used to assess children's exposure and risk. They also suggest the differences compared with the results of international results.</description><subject>Activity patterns</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Diaries</subject><subject>Drinking water</subject><subject>Environmental assessment</subject><subject>Environmental hazards</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Food</subject><subject>Food intake</subject><subject>Handbooks</subject><subject>Hazardous materials</subject><subject>Ingestion</subject><subject>Inhalation</subject><subject>Mouth</subject><subject>Physiological effects</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Pollutants</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Risk assessment</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Shellfish</subject><subject>Soil water</subject><subject>Student organizations</subject><subject>Water intake</subject><subject>Water intakes</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNpVkEtPwzAQhC0EoqVw5YgscU6x48SJL0hV6QsqQBWcLcfZ0JQ2DnZSwb8npQ-V0-5qZ2dHH0LXlHQZE-Ru8jiYvY5pRDgVcXyC2pRz4gWc0NOjvoUunFsQwuKAi3PUYj4VEaN-Gz0_wBqWplxBUWGT4REUYNUSD75L42oLeKh0ZazDmbF4lrtP3HMOnPvT5wV-MhZUgfvzfJlaKC7RWaaWDq52tYPeh4O3_tibvowm_d7U0wGNK48LSMIgVCINMz8iQAmEMeGQkGaIQg1c-yoEyikjaZIpxSMeE51oQQVLUp910P3Wt6yTFaS6SdOklqXNV8r-SKNy-X9T5HP5YdYyooEfkI3B7c7Amq8aXCUXprZFk1n6LG74NEjjRtXdqrQ1zlnIDh8okRv-Ml-ALed7_s3BzXGug3wPnP0C5X6CQw</recordid><startdate>20200318</startdate><enddate>20200318</enddate><creator>Yoon, Hyojung</creator><creator>Yoo, Sun-Kyoung</creator><creator>Seo, Jungkwan</creator><creator>Kim, Taksoo</creator><creator>Kim, Pyeongsoon</creator><creator>Kim, Pil-Je</creator><creator>Park, Jinhyeon</creator><creator>Heo, Jung</creator><creator>Yang, Wonho</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-5989</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-6739</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200318</creationdate><title>Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children</title><author>Yoon, Hyojung ; 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/day for children aged 0-2 years to 14.98 m
/day for those aged 16-18 years. This study found that Korean children spent an average of 22.64 h indoors, 0.63 h outdoors, and 0.73 h in-transit on weekdays. The general exposure factors of Korean children were studied for the first time, and these results could be used to assess children's exposure and risk. They also suggest the differences compared with the results of international results.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>32197312</pmid><doi>10.3390/IJERPH17061988</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2776-5989</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9181-6739</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Activity patterns Age Children Diaries Drinking water Environmental assessment Environmental hazards Exposure Food Food intake Handbooks Hazardous materials Ingestion Inhalation Mouth Physiological effects Physiology Polls & surveys Pollutants Questionnaires Respiration Risk assessment Risk factors Shellfish Soil water Student organizations Water intake Water intakes |
| title | Development of General Exposure Factors for Risk Assessment in Korean Children |
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