Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria
Abstract Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluste...
Gespeichert in:
Veröffentlicht in: | American journal of epidemiology 2020-01, Vol.189 (1), p.68-76 |
---|---|
Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
container_end_page | 76 |
---|---|
container_issue | 1 |
container_start_page | 68 |
container_title | American journal of epidemiology |
container_volume | 189 |
creator | Macleod, Colin K Bailey, Robin L Dejene, Michael Shafi, Oumer Kebede, Biruck Negussu, Nebiyu Mpyet, Caleb Olobio, Nicholas Alada, Joel Abdala, Mariamo Willis, Rebecca Hayes, Richard Solomon, Anthony W |
description | Abstract
Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluster sampling is estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ): the degree of relatedness of outcomes in a given cluster, defined as the proportion of total variance accounted for by between-cluster variation. In infectious disease epidemiology, this coefficient is related to transmission patterns and the natural history of infection; its value also depends on particulars of survey design. Estimation of ρ is often difficult due to the lack of comparable survey data with which to calculate summary estimates. Here we use a parametric bootstrap model to estimate ρ for the ocular clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation—follicular” (TF) among children aged 1–9 years within population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. We present results from a meta-regression analysis of data from 261 such surveys completed using standardized methods in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria in 2012–2015. Consistent with the underlying theory, we found that ρ increased with increasing overall TF prevalence and smaller numbers of children examined per cluster. Estimates of ρ for TF were independently higher in Ethiopia than in the other countries. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1093/aje/kwz196 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7119302</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><oup_id>10.1093/aje/kwz196</oup_id><sourcerecordid>2429047256</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-9bc5f93cb89a978ab56e4b400cb02d1a53dda23a56aaf778d1d6fefd1c120f473</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9ks9uEzEQhxcEoqVw4QGQJYSEUJba3n9ZDkglSqBSS6umnFez3tnErdcOtjeoOeUhOMLL9UlwmrYCDpy80nzz-eediaIXjL5jtEz24QL3L7-vWJk_jHZZWuRxzrP8UbRLKeVxyXO-Ez117oJSxsqMPol2EpbRkhXF7oPB2HnZgZd6RvwcyaH2FoTqnUdLRsZaVKFodPjGtpVCovakNfYGHimppQBFpnKmyfX653nonZugM70LqlZB1920X69_TIxSUvQK7PX6F5GanJpFv5XHH8FhQ-66yanFJSjUAsm0t0u8cu_JGbpeeUcm1nQEyDF6iM9wZtG5TbwDDerKSUdMS3jOyNSDbsA2chXEwSd1eNAyhN_At1IyAmtlqJ_0fhNo7OfSLCQMyLFZQVfLbz0OSPCQL3KGVsKz6HELyuHz23Mv-joZn48-x0cnnw5HB0exSJPcx2UtsrZMRD0soSyGUGc5pnVKqagpbxhkSdMATyDLAdqiGDasyVtsGyYYp21aJHvRh6130dcdNgI3Q1HVwoZJ2avKgKz-rmg5r2ZmWRVhwAnlQfDmVmBNeITzVSedQKVAYxhNxflwWDCeF5u7Xv2DXpjehr8ZqJSXNC3CLgXq7ZYS1jhnsb0Pw2i1WcIqLGG1XcIAv_wz_j16t3UBeL0FTL_4n-g3CV3xVQ</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2429047256</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria</title><source>Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Macleod, Colin K ; Bailey, Robin L ; Dejene, Michael ; Shafi, Oumer ; Kebede, Biruck ; Negussu, Nebiyu ; Mpyet, Caleb ; Olobio, Nicholas ; Alada, Joel ; Abdala, Mariamo ; Willis, Rebecca ; Hayes, Richard ; Solomon, Anthony W</creator><creatorcontrib>Macleod, Colin K ; Bailey, Robin L ; Dejene, Michael ; Shafi, Oumer ; Kebede, Biruck ; Negussu, Nebiyu ; Mpyet, Caleb ; Olobio, Nicholas ; Alada, Joel ; Abdala, Mariamo ; Willis, Rebecca ; Hayes, Richard ; Solomon, Anthony W</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract
Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluster sampling is estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ): the degree of relatedness of outcomes in a given cluster, defined as the proportion of total variance accounted for by between-cluster variation. In infectious disease epidemiology, this coefficient is related to transmission patterns and the natural history of infection; its value also depends on particulars of survey design. Estimation of ρ is often difficult due to the lack of comparable survey data with which to calculate summary estimates. Here we use a parametric bootstrap model to estimate ρ for the ocular clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation—follicular” (TF) among children aged 1–9 years within population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. We present results from a meta-regression analysis of data from 261 such surveys completed using standardized methods in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria in 2012–2015. Consistent with the underlying theory, we found that ρ increased with increasing overall TF prevalence and smaller numbers of children examined per cluster. Estimates of ρ for TF were independently higher in Ethiopia than in the other countries.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0002-9262</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-6256</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz196</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31509177</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Child ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Cluster Analysis ; Clusters ; Coefficient of variation ; Correlation coefficient ; Correlation coefficients ; Correlation of Data ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidemiology ; Estimates ; Ethiopia - epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious diseases ; Inflammation ; Male ; Mathematical analysis ; Mozambique - epidemiology ; Nigeria - epidemiology ; Polls & surveys ; Practice of Epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Random sampling ; Regression Analysis ; Sampling ; Statistical sampling ; Trachoma ; Trachoma - epidemiology</subject><ispartof>American journal of epidemiology, 2020-01, Vol.189 (1), p.68-76</ispartof><rights>World Health Organization 2020. All rights reserved. The World Health Organization has granted the Publisher permission for the reproduction of this article. 2020</rights><rights>World Health Organization 2020. All rights reserved. The World Health Organization has granted the Publisher permission for the reproduction of this article.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-9bc5f93cb89a978ab56e4b400cb02d1a53dda23a56aaf778d1d6fefd1c120f473</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-9bc5f93cb89a978ab56e4b400cb02d1a53dda23a56aaf778d1d6fefd1c120f473</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1578,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31509177$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Macleod, Colin K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bailey, Robin L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dejene, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shafi, Oumer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kebede, Biruck</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Negussu, Nebiyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mpyet, Caleb</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olobio, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alada, Joel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdala, Mariamo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willis, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Solomon, Anthony W</creatorcontrib><title>Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria</title><title>American journal of epidemiology</title><addtitle>Am J Epidemiol</addtitle><description>Abstract
Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluster sampling is estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ): the degree of relatedness of outcomes in a given cluster, defined as the proportion of total variance accounted for by between-cluster variation. In infectious disease epidemiology, this coefficient is related to transmission patterns and the natural history of infection; its value also depends on particulars of survey design. Estimation of ρ is often difficult due to the lack of comparable survey data with which to calculate summary estimates. Here we use a parametric bootstrap model to estimate ρ for the ocular clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation—follicular” (TF) among children aged 1–9 years within population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. We present results from a meta-regression analysis of data from 261 such surveys completed using standardized methods in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria in 2012–2015. Consistent with the underlying theory, we found that ρ increased with increasing overall TF prevalence and smaller numbers of children examined per cluster. Estimates of ρ for TF were independently higher in Ethiopia than in the other countries.</description><subject>Child</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Cluster Analysis</subject><subject>Clusters</subject><subject>Coefficient of variation</subject><subject>Correlation coefficient</subject><subject>Correlation coefficients</subject><subject>Correlation of Data</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Estimates</subject><subject>Ethiopia - epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant</subject><subject>Infectious diseases</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Mozambique - epidemiology</subject><subject>Nigeria - epidemiology</subject><subject>Polls & surveys</subject><subject>Practice of Epidemiology</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Random sampling</subject><subject>Regression Analysis</subject><subject>Sampling</subject><subject>Statistical sampling</subject><subject>Trachoma</subject><subject>Trachoma - epidemiology</subject><issn>0002-9262</issn><issn>1476-6256</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9ks9uEzEQhxcEoqVw4QGQJYSEUJba3n9ZDkglSqBSS6umnFez3tnErdcOtjeoOeUhOMLL9UlwmrYCDpy80nzz-eediaIXjL5jtEz24QL3L7-vWJk_jHZZWuRxzrP8UbRLKeVxyXO-Ez117oJSxsqMPol2EpbRkhXF7oPB2HnZgZd6RvwcyaH2FoTqnUdLRsZaVKFodPjGtpVCovakNfYGHimppQBFpnKmyfX653nonZugM70LqlZB1920X69_TIxSUvQK7PX6F5GanJpFv5XHH8FhQ-66yanFJSjUAsm0t0u8cu_JGbpeeUcm1nQEyDF6iM9wZtG5TbwDDerKSUdMS3jOyNSDbsA2chXEwSd1eNAyhN_At1IyAmtlqJ_0fhNo7OfSLCQMyLFZQVfLbz0OSPCQL3KGVsKz6HELyuHz23Mv-joZn48-x0cnnw5HB0exSJPcx2UtsrZMRD0soSyGUGc5pnVKqagpbxhkSdMATyDLAdqiGDasyVtsGyYYp21aJHvRh6130dcdNgI3Q1HVwoZJ2avKgKz-rmg5r2ZmWRVhwAnlQfDmVmBNeITzVSedQKVAYxhNxflwWDCeF5u7Xv2DXpjehr8ZqJSXNC3CLgXq7ZYS1jhnsb0Pw2i1WcIqLGG1XcIAv_wz_j16t3UBeL0FTL_4n-g3CV3xVQ</recordid><startdate>20200131</startdate><enddate>20200131</enddate><creator>Macleod, Colin K</creator><creator>Bailey, Robin L</creator><creator>Dejene, Michael</creator><creator>Shafi, Oumer</creator><creator>Kebede, Biruck</creator><creator>Negussu, Nebiyu</creator><creator>Mpyet, Caleb</creator><creator>Olobio, Nicholas</creator><creator>Alada, Joel</creator><creator>Abdala, Mariamo</creator><creator>Willis, Rebecca</creator><creator>Hayes, Richard</creator><creator>Solomon, Anthony W</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><general>Oxford Publishing Limited (England)</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20200131</creationdate><title>Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria</title><author>Macleod, Colin K ; Bailey, Robin L ; Dejene, Michael ; Shafi, Oumer ; Kebede, Biruck ; Negussu, Nebiyu ; Mpyet, Caleb ; Olobio, Nicholas ; Alada, Joel ; Abdala, Mariamo ; Willis, Rebecca ; Hayes, Richard ; Solomon, Anthony W</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c436t-9bc5f93cb89a978ab56e4b400cb02d1a53dda23a56aaf778d1d6fefd1c120f473</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Child</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Cluster Analysis</topic><topic>Clusters</topic><topic>Coefficient of variation</topic><topic>Correlation coefficient</topic><topic>Correlation coefficients</topic><topic>Correlation of Data</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Estimates</topic><topic>Ethiopia - epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant</topic><topic>Infectious diseases</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Mathematical analysis</topic><topic>Mozambique - epidemiology</topic><topic>Nigeria - epidemiology</topic><topic>Polls & surveys</topic><topic>Practice of Epidemiology</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Random sampling</topic><topic>Regression Analysis</topic><topic>Sampling</topic><topic>Statistical sampling</topic><topic>Trachoma</topic><topic>Trachoma - epidemiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Macleod, Colin K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bailey, Robin L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dejene, Michael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shafi, Oumer</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kebede, Biruck</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Negussu, Nebiyu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mpyet, Caleb</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Olobio, Nicholas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alada, Joel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Abdala, Mariamo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Willis, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hayes, Richard</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Solomon, Anthony W</creatorcontrib><collection>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>American journal of epidemiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Macleod, Colin K</au><au>Bailey, Robin L</au><au>Dejene, Michael</au><au>Shafi, Oumer</au><au>Kebede, Biruck</au><au>Negussu, Nebiyu</au><au>Mpyet, Caleb</au><au>Olobio, Nicholas</au><au>Alada, Joel</au><au>Abdala, Mariamo</au><au>Willis, Rebecca</au><au>Hayes, Richard</au><au>Solomon, Anthony W</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria</atitle><jtitle>American journal of epidemiology</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Epidemiol</addtitle><date>2020-01-31</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>189</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>68</spage><epage>76</epage><pages>68-76</pages><issn>0002-9262</issn><eissn>1476-6256</eissn><abstract>Abstract
Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluster sampling is estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ): the degree of relatedness of outcomes in a given cluster, defined as the proportion of total variance accounted for by between-cluster variation. In infectious disease epidemiology, this coefficient is related to transmission patterns and the natural history of infection; its value also depends on particulars of survey design. Estimation of ρ is often difficult due to the lack of comparable survey data with which to calculate summary estimates. Here we use a parametric bootstrap model to estimate ρ for the ocular clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation—follicular” (TF) among children aged 1–9 years within population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. We present results from a meta-regression analysis of data from 261 such surveys completed using standardized methods in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria in 2012–2015. Consistent with the underlying theory, we found that ρ increased with increasing overall TF prevalence and smaller numbers of children examined per cluster. Estimates of ρ for TF were independently higher in Ethiopia than in the other countries.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>31509177</pmid><doi>10.1093/aje/kwz196</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 0002-9262 |
ispartof | American journal of epidemiology, 2020-01, Vol.189 (1), p.68-76 |
issn | 0002-9262 1476-6256 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7119302 |
source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
subjects | Child Child, Preschool Children Cluster Analysis Clusters Coefficient of variation Correlation coefficient Correlation coefficients Correlation of Data Cross-Sectional Studies Epidemiology Estimates Ethiopia - epidemiology Female Humans Infant Infectious diseases Inflammation Male Mathematical analysis Mozambique - epidemiology Nigeria - epidemiology Polls & surveys Practice of Epidemiology Prevalence Random sampling Regression Analysis Sampling Statistical sampling Trachoma Trachoma - epidemiology |
title | Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria |
url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-28T20%3A32%3A25IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Estimating%20the%20Intracluster%20Correlation%20Coefficient%20for%20the%20Clinical%20Sign%20%E2%80%9CTrachomatous%20Inflammation%E2%80%94Follicular%E2%80%9D%20in%20Population-Based%20Trachoma%20Prevalence%20Surveys:%20Results%20From%20a%20Meta-Regression%20Analysis%20of%20261%20Standardized%20Preintervention%20Surveys%20Carried%20Out%20in%20Ethiopia,%20Mozambique,%20and%20Nigeria&rft.jtitle=American%20journal%20of%20epidemiology&rft.au=Macleod,%20Colin%20K&rft.date=2020-01-31&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=68&rft.epage=76&rft.pages=68-76&rft.issn=0002-9262&rft.eissn=1476-6256&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/aje/kwz196&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2429047256%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2429047256&rft_id=info:pmid/31509177&rft_oup_id=10.1093/aje/kwz196&rfr_iscdi=true |