Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976-2016
Lead can adversely affect maternal and child health across a wide range of exposures; developing fetuses and breastfeeding infants may be particularly vulnerable. We describe the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. women of childbearing age and associations with sociodemographic, reprod...
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| description | Lead can adversely affect maternal and child health across a wide range of exposures; developing fetuses and breastfeeding infants may be particularly vulnerable. We describe the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. women of childbearing age and associations with sociodemographic, reproductive, smoking, and housing characteristics over a 40-y period.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II, NHANES III Phase I and Phase II, and 1999-2016 continuous NHANES were used to describe the distribution of BLLs (given in micrograms per deciliter;
) in U.S. women 15-49 years of age between 1976 and 2016. For all women with valid BLLs (
), geometric mean (GM) BLLs and estimated prevalence of BLLs
were calculated overall and by selected demographic characteristics. For NHANES II, estimated prevalence of BLLs
and
were also calculated.
The most recent GM BLLs (2007-2010 and 2011-2016, respectively) were
[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.84] and
(95% CI: 0.59, 0.64). In comparison, GM BLLs in earlier periods (1976-1980, 1988-1991, and 1991-1994) were
(95% CI: 9.95, 10.79),
(95% CI: 1.75, 1.94), and
(95% CI: 1.45, 1.60), respectively. In 2011-2016, 0.7% of women of childbearing age had BLLs
, and higher BLLs were associated with older age, other race/ethnicity, birthplace outside the United States, four or more live births, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, and ever pregnant or not currently pregnant.
Lead exposure in U.S. women of childbearing age is generally low and has substantially decreased over this 40-y period. However, based on these estimates, there are still at least 500,000 U.S. women being exposed to lead at levels that may harm developing fetuses or breastfeeding infants. Identifying high-risk women who are or intend to become pregnant remains an important public health issue. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5925. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1289/EHP5925 |
| format | Article |
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Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II, NHANES III Phase I and Phase II, and 1999-2016 continuous NHANES were used to describe the distribution of BLLs (given in micrograms per deciliter;
) in U.S. women 15-49 years of age between 1976 and 2016. For all women with valid BLLs (
), geometric mean (GM) BLLs and estimated prevalence of BLLs
were calculated overall and by selected demographic characteristics. For NHANES II, estimated prevalence of BLLs
and
were also calculated.
The most recent GM BLLs (2007-2010 and 2011-2016, respectively) were
[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.84] and
(95% CI: 0.59, 0.64). In comparison, GM BLLs in earlier periods (1976-1980, 1988-1991, and 1991-1994) were
(95% CI: 9.95, 10.79),
(95% CI: 1.75, 1.94), and
(95% CI: 1.45, 1.60), respectively. In 2011-2016, 0.7% of women of childbearing age had BLLs
, and higher BLLs were associated with older age, other race/ethnicity, birthplace outside the United States, four or more live births, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, and ever pregnant or not currently pregnant.
Lead exposure in U.S. women of childbearing age is generally low and has substantially decreased over this 40-y period. However, based on these estimates, there are still at least 500,000 U.S. women being exposed to lead at levels that may harm developing fetuses or breastfeeding infants. Identifying high-risk women who are or intend to become pregnant remains an important public health issue. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5925.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0091-6765</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-9924</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1289/EHP5925</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31944143</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</publisher><subject>Age ; Analysis ; Blood ; Blood levels ; Breast feeding ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; Child health ; Confidence intervals ; Design ; Exposure ; Fetuses ; Health surveys ; Housing ; Infants ; Lead content ; Lead poisoning ; Mathematical analysis ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Nutrition ; Passive smoking ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant women ; Public health ; Public health movements ; Smoking ; Surveys ; Tobacco ; Womens health</subject><ispartof>Environmental health perspectives, 2020-01, Vol.128 (1), p.17012</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2020 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</rights><rights>Reproduced from Environmental Health Perspectives. This article is published under https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/about-ehp/copyright-permissions (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c601t-6f61843c41fc1ddf143055bfbd6a0e2251bdee642c6b60d5b59da9857e09ce793</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c601t-6f61843c41fc1ddf143055bfbd6a0e2251bdee642c6b60d5b59da9857e09ce793</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7015629/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7015629/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27903,27904,53769,53771</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31944143$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ettinger, Adrienne S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Kathryn B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Homa, David M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Mary Jean</creatorcontrib><title>Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976-2016</title><title>Environmental health perspectives</title><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><description>Lead can adversely affect maternal and child health across a wide range of exposures; developing fetuses and breastfeeding infants may be particularly vulnerable. We describe the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. women of childbearing age and associations with sociodemographic, reproductive, smoking, and housing characteristics over a 40-y period.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II, NHANES III Phase I and Phase II, and 1999-2016 continuous NHANES were used to describe the distribution of BLLs (given in micrograms per deciliter;
) in U.S. women 15-49 years of age between 1976 and 2016. For all women with valid BLLs (
), geometric mean (GM) BLLs and estimated prevalence of BLLs
were calculated overall and by selected demographic characteristics. For NHANES II, estimated prevalence of BLLs
and
were also calculated.
The most recent GM BLLs (2007-2010 and 2011-2016, respectively) were
[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.84] and
(95% CI: 0.59, 0.64). In comparison, GM BLLs in earlier periods (1976-1980, 1988-1991, and 1991-1994) were
(95% CI: 9.95, 10.79),
(95% CI: 1.75, 1.94), and
(95% CI: 1.45, 1.60), respectively. In 2011-2016, 0.7% of women of childbearing age had BLLs
, and higher BLLs were associated with older age, other race/ethnicity, birthplace outside the United States, four or more live births, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, and ever pregnant or not currently pregnant.
Lead exposure in U.S. women of childbearing age is generally low and has substantially decreased over this 40-y period. However, based on these estimates, there are still at least 500,000 U.S. women being exposed to lead at levels that may harm developing fetuses or breastfeeding infants. Identifying high-risk women who are or intend to become pregnant remains an important public health issue. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5925.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Analysis</subject><subject>Blood</subject><subject>Blood levels</subject><subject>Breast feeding</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>Child health</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Design</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Fetuses</subject><subject>Health surveys</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Infants</subject><subject>Lead content</subject><subject>Lead poisoning</subject><subject>Mathematical analysis</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Passive smoking</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnant women</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Public health movements</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Tobacco</subject><subject>Womens 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smoking</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnant women</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Public health movements</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>Tobacco</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ettinger, Adrienne S</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Egan, Kathryn B</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Homa, David M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brown, Mary Jean</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints</collection><collection>Gale In Context: Science</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>University Readers</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology 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Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ettinger, Adrienne S</au><au>Egan, Kathryn B</au><au>Homa, David M</au><au>Brown, Mary Jean</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976-2016</atitle><jtitle>Environmental health perspectives</jtitle><addtitle>Environ Health Perspect</addtitle><date>2020-01-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>128</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>17012</spage><pages>17012-</pages><issn>0091-6765</issn><eissn>1552-9924</eissn><abstract>Lead can adversely affect maternal and child health across a wide range of exposures; developing fetuses and breastfeeding infants may be particularly vulnerable. We describe the distribution of blood lead levels (BLLs) in U.S. women of childbearing age and associations with sociodemographic, reproductive, smoking, and housing characteristics over a 40-y period.
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II, NHANES III Phase I and Phase II, and 1999-2016 continuous NHANES were used to describe the distribution of BLLs (given in micrograms per deciliter;
) in U.S. women 15-49 years of age between 1976 and 2016. For all women with valid BLLs (
), geometric mean (GM) BLLs and estimated prevalence of BLLs
were calculated overall and by selected demographic characteristics. For NHANES II, estimated prevalence of BLLs
and
were also calculated.
The most recent GM BLLs (2007-2010 and 2011-2016, respectively) were
[95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79, 0.84] and
(95% CI: 0.59, 0.64). In comparison, GM BLLs in earlier periods (1976-1980, 1988-1991, and 1991-1994) were
(95% CI: 9.95, 10.79),
(95% CI: 1.75, 1.94), and
(95% CI: 1.45, 1.60), respectively. In 2011-2016, 0.7% of women of childbearing age had BLLs
, and higher BLLs were associated with older age, other race/ethnicity, birthplace outside the United States, four or more live births, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, and ever pregnant or not currently pregnant.
Lead exposure in U.S. women of childbearing age is generally low and has substantially decreased over this 40-y period. However, based on these estimates, there are still at least 500,000 U.S. women being exposed to lead at levels that may harm developing fetuses or breastfeeding infants. Identifying high-risk women who are or intend to become pregnant remains an important public health issue. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5925.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences</pub><pmid>31944143</pmid><doi>10.1289/EHP5925</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental health perspectives, 2020-01, Vol.128 (1), p.17012 |
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| source | Jstor Complete Legacy; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Age Analysis Blood Blood levels Breast feeding Breastfeeding & lactation Child health Confidence intervals Design Exposure Fetuses Health surveys Housing Infants Lead content Lead poisoning Mathematical analysis Minority & ethnic groups Nutrition Passive smoking Pregnancy Pregnant women Public health Public health movements Smoking Surveys Tobacco Womens health |
| title | Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976-2016 |
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