Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa

Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy towards this end, greatly reducing the need...

Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:
Bibliographische Detailangaben
Veröffentlicht in:The Science of the total environment 2020-02, Vol.703, p.135469, Article 135469
Hauptverfasser: Sahondo, Tapuwa, Hennessy, Sarah, Sindall, Rebecca C., Chaudhari, Hitendra, Teleski, Stephanie, Lynch, Brendon J., Sellgren, Katelyn L., Stoner, Brian R., Grego, Sonia, Hawkins, Brian T.
Format: Artikel
Sprache:eng
Schlagworte:
Online-Zugang:Volltext
Tags: Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
container_end_page
container_issue
container_start_page 135469
container_title The Science of the total environment
container_volume 703
creator Sahondo, Tapuwa
Hennessy, Sarah
Sindall, Rebecca C.
Chaudhari, Hitendra
Teleski, Stephanie
Lynch, Brendon J.
Sellgren, Katelyn L.
Stoner, Brian R.
Grego, Sonia
Hawkins, Brian T.
description Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy towards this end, greatly reducing the need to transport wastewater over long distances either via sewers or trucks. Here, we report on the field testing of a prototype onsite blackwater treatment system conducted over a period of 8 months. The system was connected to a women's toilet in a public communal ablution block located in an informal settlement near Durban, South Africa. Liquid waste was treated by separation and diversion of large solids, settling of suspended solids, and filtration through activated carbon prior to disinfection by electrochemical oxidation. System performance was monitored daily by measurement of chemical and physical water quality parameters onsite and confirmed by periodic detailed analysis of chemical and biological parameters at an offsite lab. Daily monitoring of system performance indicated that the effluent had minimal color and turbidity (maximum 90 Pt/Co units and 6.48 NTU, respectively), and consistent evolution of chlorine as blackwater passed through the system. Weekly offsite analysis confirmed that the system consistently inactivated pathogens (E. coli and coliforms) and reduced chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids to meet ISO 30500 category B standards. Significant reductions in total nitrogen load were also observed, though these reductions often fell short of the 70% reduction required by ISO 30500. No significant reduction in total phosphorus was observed. Maintenance requirements were identified, and the resilience of the system to restart following a prolonged shutdown was demonstrated, but significant improvements are required in the design of the solid/liquid separation mechanism for application of this system in a wiping culture. [Display omitted] •4.5 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed sanitation.•One approach to improving access is decentralized/onsite wastewater treatment.•An onsite blackwater treatment system was field tested in Durban, South Africa.•Disinfection efficacy and improved water quality were demonstrated in the field.•With further design refinements this system will enable onsite blackwater reuse.
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135469
format Article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>pubmed_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6947494</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0048969719354622</els_id><sourcerecordid>31732183</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-9a83df1c9956c17c8b7c582222eed1c55257e4f2c006fcf98120e3660f81b5c23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkEtLAzEQx4MoWh9fQfMFtib7yOMiFPEFggf1HNLZiU3dbiRJK_32bqkWPTmXOcz_MfwIueBszBkXl_NxAp9Dxn41LhnXY141tdB7ZMSV1AVnpdgnI8ZqVWih5RE5TmnOhpGKH5Kjisuq5Koakddbj11LM6bs-zcaHLV0FpYJZ6FriwS2Qxr65DPSaWfh_dNmjDRHtHmBfaZpnTIuqO_pc1jmGZ246MGekgNnu4Rn3_tk6Ll5ub4vHp_uHq4njwXUssmFtqpqHQetGwFcgppKaFQ5DGLLoWnKRmLtSmBMOHBa8ZJhJQRzik8bKKsTcrXN_VhOF9jC8FG0nfmIfmHj2gTrzd9L72fmLayM0LWsdT0EyG0AxJBSRLfzcmY2pM3c7EibDWmzJT04z39X73w_aAfBZCvAAcDKY9wEYQ_Y-oiQTRv8vyVfhaaWZg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype></control><display><type>article</type><title>Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete</source><creator>Sahondo, Tapuwa ; Hennessy, Sarah ; Sindall, Rebecca C. ; Chaudhari, Hitendra ; Teleski, Stephanie ; Lynch, Brendon J. ; Sellgren, Katelyn L. ; Stoner, Brian R. ; Grego, Sonia ; Hawkins, Brian T.</creator><creatorcontrib>Sahondo, Tapuwa ; Hennessy, Sarah ; Sindall, Rebecca C. ; Chaudhari, Hitendra ; Teleski, Stephanie ; Lynch, Brendon J. ; Sellgren, Katelyn L. ; Stoner, Brian R. ; Grego, Sonia ; Hawkins, Brian T.</creatorcontrib><description>Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy towards this end, greatly reducing the need to transport wastewater over long distances either via sewers or trucks. Here, we report on the field testing of a prototype onsite blackwater treatment system conducted over a period of 8 months. The system was connected to a women's toilet in a public communal ablution block located in an informal settlement near Durban, South Africa. Liquid waste was treated by separation and diversion of large solids, settling of suspended solids, and filtration through activated carbon prior to disinfection by electrochemical oxidation. System performance was monitored daily by measurement of chemical and physical water quality parameters onsite and confirmed by periodic detailed analysis of chemical and biological parameters at an offsite lab. Daily monitoring of system performance indicated that the effluent had minimal color and turbidity (maximum 90 Pt/Co units and 6.48 NTU, respectively), and consistent evolution of chlorine as blackwater passed through the system. Weekly offsite analysis confirmed that the system consistently inactivated pathogens (E. coli and coliforms) and reduced chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids to meet ISO 30500 category B standards. Significant reductions in total nitrogen load were also observed, though these reductions often fell short of the 70% reduction required by ISO 30500. No significant reduction in total phosphorus was observed. Maintenance requirements were identified, and the resilience of the system to restart following a prolonged shutdown was demonstrated, but significant improvements are required in the design of the solid/liquid separation mechanism for application of this system in a wiping culture. [Display omitted] •4.5 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed sanitation.•One approach to improving access is decentralized/onsite wastewater treatment.•An onsite blackwater treatment system was field tested in Durban, South Africa.•Disinfection efficacy and improved water quality were demonstrated in the field.•With further design refinements this system will enable onsite blackwater reuse.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0048-9697</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-1026</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135469</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31732183</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier B.V</publisher><subject>Blackwater reuse ; Durban ; Family Characteristics ; Onsite sanitation ; South Africa ; User testing ; WASH ; Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods ; Wastewater</subject><ispartof>The Science of the total environment, 2020-02, Vol.703, p.135469, Article 135469</ispartof><rights>2019 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>2019 The Authors 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-9a83df1c9956c17c8b7c582222eed1c55257e4f2c006fcf98120e3660f81b5c23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-9a83df1c9956c17c8b7c582222eed1c55257e4f2c006fcf98120e3660f81b5c23</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6719-5402</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135469$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31732183$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sahondo, Tapuwa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hennessy, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sindall, Rebecca C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhari, Hitendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Teleski, Stephanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lynch, Brendon J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sellgren, Katelyn L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoner, Brian R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grego, Sonia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, Brian T.</creatorcontrib><title>Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa</title><title>The Science of the total environment</title><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><description>Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy towards this end, greatly reducing the need to transport wastewater over long distances either via sewers or trucks. Here, we report on the field testing of a prototype onsite blackwater treatment system conducted over a period of 8 months. The system was connected to a women's toilet in a public communal ablution block located in an informal settlement near Durban, South Africa. Liquid waste was treated by separation and diversion of large solids, settling of suspended solids, and filtration through activated carbon prior to disinfection by electrochemical oxidation. System performance was monitored daily by measurement of chemical and physical water quality parameters onsite and confirmed by periodic detailed analysis of chemical and biological parameters at an offsite lab. Daily monitoring of system performance indicated that the effluent had minimal color and turbidity (maximum 90 Pt/Co units and 6.48 NTU, respectively), and consistent evolution of chlorine as blackwater passed through the system. Weekly offsite analysis confirmed that the system consistently inactivated pathogens (E. coli and coliforms) and reduced chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids to meet ISO 30500 category B standards. Significant reductions in total nitrogen load were also observed, though these reductions often fell short of the 70% reduction required by ISO 30500. No significant reduction in total phosphorus was observed. Maintenance requirements were identified, and the resilience of the system to restart following a prolonged shutdown was demonstrated, but significant improvements are required in the design of the solid/liquid separation mechanism for application of this system in a wiping culture. [Display omitted] •4.5 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed sanitation.•One approach to improving access is decentralized/onsite wastewater treatment.•An onsite blackwater treatment system was field tested in Durban, South Africa.•Disinfection efficacy and improved water quality were demonstrated in the field.•With further design refinements this system will enable onsite blackwater reuse.</description><subject>Blackwater reuse</subject><subject>Durban</subject><subject>Family Characteristics</subject><subject>Onsite sanitation</subject><subject>South Africa</subject><subject>User testing</subject><subject>WASH</subject><subject>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</subject><subject>Wastewater</subject><issn>0048-9697</issn><issn>1879-1026</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkEtLAzEQx4MoWh9fQfMFtib7yOMiFPEFggf1HNLZiU3dbiRJK_32bqkWPTmXOcz_MfwIueBszBkXl_NxAp9Dxn41LhnXY141tdB7ZMSV1AVnpdgnI8ZqVWih5RE5TmnOhpGKH5Kjisuq5Koakddbj11LM6bs-zcaHLV0FpYJZ6FriwS2Qxr65DPSaWfh_dNmjDRHtHmBfaZpnTIuqO_pc1jmGZ246MGekgNnu4Rn3_tk6Ll5ub4vHp_uHq4njwXUssmFtqpqHQetGwFcgppKaFQ5DGLLoWnKRmLtSmBMOHBa8ZJhJQRzik8bKKsTcrXN_VhOF9jC8FG0nfmIfmHj2gTrzd9L72fmLayM0LWsdT0EyG0AxJBSRLfzcmY2pM3c7EibDWmzJT04z39X73w_aAfBZCvAAcDKY9wEYQ_Y-oiQTRv8vyVfhaaWZg</recordid><startdate>20200210</startdate><enddate>20200210</enddate><creator>Sahondo, Tapuwa</creator><creator>Hennessy, Sarah</creator><creator>Sindall, Rebecca C.</creator><creator>Chaudhari, Hitendra</creator><creator>Teleski, Stephanie</creator><creator>Lynch, Brendon J.</creator><creator>Sellgren, Katelyn L.</creator><creator>Stoner, Brian R.</creator><creator>Grego, Sonia</creator><creator>Hawkins, Brian T.</creator><general>Elsevier B.V</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-5402</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200210</creationdate><title>Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa</title><author>Sahondo, Tapuwa ; Hennessy, Sarah ; Sindall, Rebecca C. ; Chaudhari, Hitendra ; Teleski, Stephanie ; Lynch, Brendon J. ; Sellgren, Katelyn L. ; Stoner, Brian R. ; Grego, Sonia ; Hawkins, Brian T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c475t-9a83df1c9956c17c8b7c582222eed1c55257e4f2c006fcf98120e3660f81b5c23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Blackwater reuse</topic><topic>Durban</topic><topic>Family Characteristics</topic><topic>Onsite sanitation</topic><topic>South Africa</topic><topic>User testing</topic><topic>WASH</topic><topic>Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods</topic><topic>Wastewater</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sahondo, Tapuwa</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hennessy, Sarah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sindall, Rebecca C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chaudhari, Hitendra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Teleski, Stephanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lynch, Brendon J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sellgren, Katelyn L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stoner, Brian R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grego, Sonia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hawkins, Brian T.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sahondo, Tapuwa</au><au>Hennessy, Sarah</au><au>Sindall, Rebecca C.</au><au>Chaudhari, Hitendra</au><au>Teleski, Stephanie</au><au>Lynch, Brendon J.</au><au>Sellgren, Katelyn L.</au><au>Stoner, Brian R.</au><au>Grego, Sonia</au><au>Hawkins, Brian T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa</atitle><jtitle>The Science of the total environment</jtitle><addtitle>Sci Total Environ</addtitle><date>2020-02-10</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>703</volume><spage>135469</spage><pages>135469-</pages><artnum>135469</artnum><issn>0048-9697</issn><eissn>1879-1026</eissn><abstract>Innovations that enable cost-effective and resource-conserving treatment of human waste are required for the 4.2 billion people in the world who currently lack safe and reliable sanitation services. Onsite treatment and reuse of blackwater is one strategy towards this end, greatly reducing the need to transport wastewater over long distances either via sewers or trucks. Here, we report on the field testing of a prototype onsite blackwater treatment system conducted over a period of 8 months. The system was connected to a women's toilet in a public communal ablution block located in an informal settlement near Durban, South Africa. Liquid waste was treated by separation and diversion of large solids, settling of suspended solids, and filtration through activated carbon prior to disinfection by electrochemical oxidation. System performance was monitored daily by measurement of chemical and physical water quality parameters onsite and confirmed by periodic detailed analysis of chemical and biological parameters at an offsite lab. Daily monitoring of system performance indicated that the effluent had minimal color and turbidity (maximum 90 Pt/Co units and 6.48 NTU, respectively), and consistent evolution of chlorine as blackwater passed through the system. Weekly offsite analysis confirmed that the system consistently inactivated pathogens (E. coli and coliforms) and reduced chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids to meet ISO 30500 category B standards. Significant reductions in total nitrogen load were also observed, though these reductions often fell short of the 70% reduction required by ISO 30500. No significant reduction in total phosphorus was observed. Maintenance requirements were identified, and the resilience of the system to restart following a prolonged shutdown was demonstrated, but significant improvements are required in the design of the solid/liquid separation mechanism for application of this system in a wiping culture. [Display omitted] •4.5 billion people worldwide lack access to safely managed sanitation.•One approach to improving access is decentralized/onsite wastewater treatment.•An onsite blackwater treatment system was field tested in Durban, South Africa.•Disinfection efficacy and improved water quality were demonstrated in the field.•With further design refinements this system will enable onsite blackwater reuse.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier B.V</pub><pmid>31732183</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135469</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6719-5402</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0048-9697
ispartof The Science of the total environment, 2020-02, Vol.703, p.135469, Article 135469
issn 0048-9697
1879-1026
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6947494
source MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals Complete
subjects Blackwater reuse
Durban
Family Characteristics
Onsite sanitation
South Africa
User testing
WASH
Waste Disposal, Fluid - methods
Wastewater
title Field testing of a household-scale onsite blackwater treatment system in South Africa
url https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-24T13%3A39%3A54IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-pubmed_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Field%20testing%20of%20a%20household-scale%20onsite%20blackwater%20treatment%20system%20in%20South%20Africa&rft.jtitle=The%20Science%20of%20the%20total%20environment&rft.au=Sahondo,%20Tapuwa&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft.volume=703&rft.spage=135469&rft.pages=135469-&rft.artnum=135469&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft.eissn=1879-1026&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135469&rft_dat=%3Cpubmed_cross%3E31732183%3C/pubmed_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_id=info:pmid/31732183&rft_els_id=S0048969719354622&rfr_iscdi=true