Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes
As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of environmental research and public health 2019-11, Vol.16 (22), p.4450 |
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| creator | Gray, Naudia Halstead, Mary Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie Valentin-Blasini, Liza Watson, Clifford Pappas, R Steven |
| description | As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method's limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components' compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijerph16224450 |
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A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method's limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components' compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was <LRL in all liquids and was not observed in device components. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb, reported in µg/g, ranged from <LRL to 0.396, 4.04, 903, 454, 0.898, and 13.5 respectively. Elevated metal concentrations in the liquid were also elevated in aerosol from the corresponding device. The data demonstrates the impact of device design and materials on toxic metals in ENDS liquid.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-7827</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1660-4601</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224450</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31766137</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Aerosols ; Aerosols - analysis ; Batteries ; Cadmium - analysis ; Calibration ; Chromium ; Cigarettes ; Composition ; Copper ; Electronic cigarettes ; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems ; Flavoring Agents - analysis ; Glycerol ; Hazardous Substances - analysis ; Heating ; Heavy metals ; Housing ; Hydrochloric acid ; Inhalation ; Lead ; Metals ; Metals, Heavy - analysis ; Nicotine ; Nitric acid ; Propylene ; Quality control ; Regression analysis ; Respiration ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Smoking ; Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission - methods ; Stainless steel ; Tin ; Vaping ; Zinc</subject><ispartof>International journal of environmental research and public health, 2019-11, Vol.16 (22), p.4450</ispartof><rights>2019. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 by the authors. 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7ebe2e85fba6d8da357153f74790fdedaaf9b8027197424f4c8b281af766465c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7ebe2e85fba6d8da357153f74790fdedaaf9b8027197424f4c8b281af766465c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888324/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6888324/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31766137$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gray, Naudia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halstead, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valentin-Blasini, Liza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, Clifford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pappas, R Steven</creatorcontrib><title>Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes</title><title>International journal of environmental research and public health</title><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><description>As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method's limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components' compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was <LRL in all liquids and was not observed in device components. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb, reported in µg/g, ranged from <LRL to 0.396, 4.04, 903, 454, 0.898, and 13.5 respectively. Elevated metal concentrations in the liquid were also elevated in aerosol from the corresponding device. The data demonstrates the impact of device design and materials on toxic metals in ENDS liquid.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Aerosols</subject><subject>Aerosols - analysis</subject><subject>Batteries</subject><subject>Cadmium - analysis</subject><subject>Calibration</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Cigarettes</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Copper</subject><subject>Electronic cigarettes</subject><subject>Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems</subject><subject>Flavoring Agents - analysis</subject><subject>Glycerol</subject><subject>Hazardous Substances - analysis</subject><subject>Heating</subject><subject>Heavy metals</subject><subject>Housing</subject><subject>Hydrochloric acid</subject><subject>Inhalation</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Metals</subject><subject>Metals, Heavy - analysis</subject><subject>Nicotine</subject><subject>Nitric acid</subject><subject>Propylene</subject><subject>Quality control</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Respiration</subject><subject>Scanning electron microscopy</subject><subject>Smoking</subject><subject>Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission - methods</subject><subject>Stainless steel</subject><subject>Tin</subject><subject>Vaping</subject><subject>Zinc</subject><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><issn>1660-4601</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkb1PwzAQxS0EoqWwMqJILCwp_ortDCBVVfmQiljKbDmJ3bpK4tZOEP3vSdVStUx30v3u6d09AG4RHBKSwke71H61QAxjShN4BvqIMRhTBtH5Ud8DVyEsISSCsvQS9AjijCHC--BpVKtyE2yInIlm7sfm0YduVBkiW0dTu25tERnvqmhS6rzxru6AsZ0rr5tGh2twYTpW3-zrAHy9TGbjt3j6-fo-Hk3jnCLRxFxnGmuRmEyxQhSKJBwlxHDKU2gKXShl0kxAzFHKKaaG5iLDAinTuaQsyckAPO90V21W6SLXdeNVKVfeVspvpFNWnk5qu5Bz9y2ZEIJg2gk87AW8W7c6NLKyIddlqWrt2iAxQYITJhDs0Pt_6NK1vvvSlsIpS1hKWEcNd1TuXQhem4MZBOU2GXmaTLdwd3zCAf-LgvwCx02Kgg</recordid><startdate>20191113</startdate><enddate>20191113</enddate><creator>Gray, Naudia</creator><creator>Halstead, Mary</creator><creator>Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie</creator><creator>Valentin-Blasini, Liza</creator><creator>Watson, Clifford</creator><creator>Pappas, R Steven</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>PHGZM</scope><scope>PHGZT</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PJZUB</scope><scope>PKEHL</scope><scope>PPXIY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20191113</creationdate><title>Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes</title><author>Gray, Naudia ; Halstead, Mary ; Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie ; Valentin-Blasini, Liza ; Watson, Clifford ; Pappas, R Steven</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c418t-7ebe2e85fba6d8da357153f74790fdedaaf9b8027197424f4c8b281af766465c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Aerosols</topic><topic>Aerosols - analysis</topic><topic>Batteries</topic><topic>Cadmium - analysis</topic><topic>Calibration</topic><topic>Chromium</topic><topic>Cigarettes</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>Copper</topic><topic>Electronic cigarettes</topic><topic>Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems</topic><topic>Flavoring Agents - analysis</topic><topic>Glycerol</topic><topic>Hazardous Substances - analysis</topic><topic>Heating</topic><topic>Heavy metals</topic><topic>Housing</topic><topic>Hydrochloric acid</topic><topic>Inhalation</topic><topic>Lead</topic><topic>Metals</topic><topic>Metals, Heavy - analysis</topic><topic>Nicotine</topic><topic>Nitric acid</topic><topic>Propylene</topic><topic>Quality control</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Respiration</topic><topic>Scanning electron microscopy</topic><topic>Smoking</topic><topic>Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission - methods</topic><topic>Stainless steel</topic><topic>Tin</topic><topic>Vaping</topic><topic>Zinc</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gray, Naudia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Halstead, Mary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Valentin-Blasini, Liza</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Watson, Clifford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pappas, R Steven</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic (New)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Health & Nursing</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gray, Naudia</au><au>Halstead, Mary</au><au>Gonzalez-Jimenez, Nathalie</au><au>Valentin-Blasini, Liza</au><au>Watson, Clifford</au><au>Pappas, R Steven</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes</atitle><jtitle>International journal of environmental research and public health</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Environ Res Public Health</addtitle><date>2019-11-13</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>16</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>4450</spage><pages>4450-</pages><issn>1660-4601</issn><issn>1661-7827</issn><eissn>1660-4601</eissn><abstract>As the technology of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including e-cigarettes, evolves, assessing metal concentrations in liquids among brands over time becomes challenging. A method for quantification of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin, and lead in ENDS liquids using triple quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed. The method's limits of detection (LODs) were 0.031, 0.032, 3.15, 1.27, 0.108, 0.099, 0.066 µg/g for Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, and Pb respectively. Liquids analyzed were from different brands and flavors of refill bottles or single-use, rechargeable, and pod devices from different years. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy further evaluated the device components' compositions. Refill liquids before contacting a device were below lowest reportable levels (LRL) for all metals. Copper and zinc were elevated in liquids from devices containing brass. Cadmium was <LRL in all liquids and was not observed in device components. Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sn, and Pb, reported in µg/g, ranged from <LRL to 0.396, 4.04, 903, 454, 0.898, and 13.5 respectively. Elevated metal concentrations in the liquid were also elevated in aerosol from the corresponding device. The data demonstrates the impact of device design and materials on toxic metals in ENDS liquid.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>31766137</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijerph16224450</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Accuracy Aerosols Aerosols - analysis Batteries Cadmium - analysis Calibration Chromium Cigarettes Composition Copper Electronic cigarettes Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Flavoring Agents - analysis Glycerol Hazardous Substances - analysis Heating Heavy metals Housing Hydrochloric acid Inhalation Lead Metals Metals, Heavy - analysis Nicotine Nitric acid Propylene Quality control Regression analysis Respiration Scanning electron microscopy Smoking Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission - methods Stainless steel Tin Vaping Zinc |
| title | Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes |
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