Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic
Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short- (S), middle- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied...
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description | Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short- (S), middle- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. Surprisingly, in the protan carrier, in which X-chromosome inactivation would favor L- or M-cone clumping, there was no evidence of clumping, perhaps as a result of cone migration during foveal development. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2414-05.2005 |
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As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. 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As suggested by previous studies, we found males with normal color vision that varied in the ratio of L to M cones (from 1.1:1 to 16.5:1). We also found a protan carrier with an even more extreme L:M ratio (0.37:1). All subjects had nearly identical S-cone densities, indicating independence of the developmental mechanism that governs the relative numerosity of L/M and S cones. L:M cone ratio estimates were correlated highly with those obtained in the same eyes using the flicker photometric electroretinogram (ERG), although the comparison indicates that the signal from each M cone makes a larger contribution to the ERG than each L cone. Although all subjects had highly disordered arrangements of L and M cones, three subjects showed evidence for departures from a strictly random rule for assigning the L and M cone photopigments. In two retinas, these departures corresponded to local clumping of cones of like type. In a third retina, the L:M cone ratio differed significantly at two retinal locations on opposite sides of the fovea. These results suggest that the assignment of L and M pigment, although highly irregular, is not a completely random process. Surprisingly, in the protan carrier, in which X-chromosome inactivation would favor L- or M-cone clumping, there was no evidence of clumping, perhaps as a result of cone migration during foveal development.</description><subject>Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive</subject><subject>Color Perception - physiology</subject><subject>Color Vision Defects - genetics</subject><subject>Color Vision Defects - pathology</subject><subject>Electroretinography - methods</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - cytology</subject><subject>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - pathology</subject><subject>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - physiology</subject><issn>0270-6474</issn><issn>1529-2401</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2005</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU1vEzEQhi0EoqHwF6o9wWnDePy5FyQUFVpUiATt2fI6dtZod13sTSP49WyUqMCJ0xzeZ17N6CHkgsKSCmRvP325vPu6_ra6XiKnvAaxRADxhCzmtKmRA31KFoAKaskVPyMvSvkOAAqoek7OqESmqKILguu8tWP8ZaeYxiqFaup8dbUb7Fjd5ui6nIY5ctUqjb76nIqN7iV5Fmxf_KvTPCd3Hy5vV1f1zfrj9er9Te0Ep1OtPbMAnlLJuYYQGJcc241GwTFYEbxVDp20lAW7aXRoW3DeA4rGti5oxc7Ju2Pv_a4d_Mb5ccq2N_c5Djb_NMlG828yxs5s04ORCoVCNhe8PhXk9GPny2SGWJzvezv6tCtGagVScfwvSBXTWlI9g_IIupxKyT48XkPBHLyYRy_m4MWAMAcv8-LF37_8WTuJmIE3R6CL224fszdlsH0_49Ts93sUhqNppGzYb0jLmD0</recordid><startdate>20051019</startdate><enddate>20051019</enddate><creator>Hofer, Heidi</creator><creator>Carroll, Joseph</creator><creator>Neitz, Jay</creator><creator>Neitz, Maureen</creator><creator>Williams, David R</creator><general>Soc Neuroscience</general><general>Society for Neuroscience</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20051019</creationdate><title>Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic</title><author>Hofer, Heidi ; Carroll, Joseph ; Neitz, Jay ; Neitz, Maureen ; Williams, David R</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c541t-8e3a00e1164480ff34642bd82542fa5fea7c2c6a13fad98fbb0cee0259abcf873</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2005</creationdate><topic>Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive</topic><topic>Color Perception - physiology</topic><topic>Color Vision Defects - genetics</topic><topic>Color Vision Defects - pathology</topic><topic>Electroretinography - methods</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - cytology</topic><topic>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - pathology</topic><topic>Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - physiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Hofer, Heidi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Carroll, Joseph</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neitz, Jay</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Neitz, Maureen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Williams, David R</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>The Journal of neuroscience</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Hofer, Heidi</au><au>Carroll, Joseph</au><au>Neitz, Jay</au><au>Neitz, Maureen</au><au>Williams, David R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic</atitle><jtitle>The Journal of neuroscience</jtitle><addtitle>J Neurosci</addtitle><date>2005-10-19</date><risdate>2005</risdate><volume>25</volume><issue>42</issue><spage>9669</spage><epage>9679</epage><pages>9669-9679</pages><issn>0270-6474</issn><eissn>1529-2401</eissn><abstract>Using high-resolution adaptive-optics imaging combined with retinal densitometry, we characterized the arrangement of short- (S), middle- (M), and long- (L) wavelength-sensitive cones in eight human foveal mosaics. 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subjects | Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Color Perception - physiology Color Vision Defects - genetics Color Vision Defects - pathology Electroretinography - methods Female Humans Male Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - cytology Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - pathology Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells - physiology |
title | Organization of the Human Trichromatic Cone Mosaic |
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