Differentiation of spinal metastases originated from lung and other cancers using radiomics and deep learning based on DCE-MRI

To differentiate metastatic lesions in the spine originated from primary lung cancer and other cancers using radiomics and deep learning, compared to traditional hot-spot ROI analysis. In a retrospective review of clinical spinal MRI database with a dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) sequence, a total of 61 patients without prior cancer diagnosis and later confirmed to have metastases (30 lung; 31 non-lung cancers) were identified. For hot-spot analysis, a manual ROI was placed to calculate three heuristic parameters from the wash-in, maximum, and wash-out phases in the DCE kinetics. For each case, the 3D tumor mask was generated by using the normalized-cut algorithm. Radiomics analysis was performed to extract histogram and texture features from three DCE parametric maps. Deep learning was performed using these maps as inputs into a conventional convolutional neural network (CNN), as well as using all 12 sets of DCE images into a convolutional long short term memory (CLSTM) network. For hot-spot ROI analysis, mean wash-out slope was 0.25 ± 10% for lung metastases and −9.8 ± 12.9% for other tumors. CHAID classification using a wash-out slope of −6.6% followed by wash-in enhancement ratio of 98% achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 0.79. Radiomics analysis using features representing tumor heterogeneity only reached the highest accuracy of 0.71. Classification using CNN achieved a mean accuracy of 0.71 ± 0.043, whereas a CLSTM improved accuracy to 0.81 ± 0.034. DCE-MRI machine-learning analysis methods have potential to predict lung cancer metastases in the spine, which may be used to guide subsequent workup for confirmed diagnosis.