Inadequacy of Nutrients, Contaminants, and Label Claims Found in Porridge-type Complementary Foods in Rwanda (P10-042-19)

Child malnutrition remains persistently high in Rwanda. Complementary foods play a key role in young child nutrition. This study explores the quality and safety of complementary food products available in the Rwandan market. Nine of the most consumed porridge-type complementary food products in Rwanda were analyzed. A total of 17 samples, including local brands and brands from Uganda and Kenya, as well as imports from Switzerland and France, were purchased in commercial retail outlets in the Kigali area and tested. Mean values of macronutrient and micronutrient contents were compared against three international standards and evaluated against label claims. Mean mycotoxin, microbiological, pesticide, and heavy metal contamination were compared to maximum tolerable limits. Mean energy density (385 kcal/100 g) and total fat content (7.9 g/100 g) were lower than all three international benchmarks. The mean fiber content of 8.5 g/100 g was above the maximum recommended amount of Codex Alimentarius and more than double the amount claimed on labels. Mean levels of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 0.54 mg/100 g) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol, 3.7 mg/100 g) fell significantly short of all three standards, whereas calcium and zinc requirements were only partially met. Average iron content was 12.1 mg/100 g. The analysis revealed a mean aflatoxin contamination of 61 μg/kg, and high mold and yeast infestation. E.coli and pesticide residues were found, whereas no heavy metals could be quantitated in the samples. Overall, complementary food products in Rwanda show inadequate nutrient contents and high aflatoxin and microbial contamination levels. Adequately implemented and enforced quality and safety standards are required to ensure complementary foods contribute to young child growth and prevent foodborne illness in this particularly vulnerable population. Sight and Life Foundation. ▪ ▪