How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment
Health warnings are a promising strategy for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but uncertainty remains about how to design warnings to maximize their impact. Warnings already implemented in Latin America use nutrient disclosures, while proposed U.S. warnings would describe th...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Preventive medicine 2019-04, Vol.121, p.158-166 |
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| creator | Grummon, Anna H. Hall, Marissa G. Taillie, Lindsey Smith Brewer, Noel T. |
| description | Health warnings are a promising strategy for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but uncertainty remains about how to design warnings to maximize their impact. Warnings already implemented in Latin America use nutrient disclosures, while proposed U.S. warnings would describe the health effects of consuming SSBs. We sought to determine whether warning characteristics influence consumers' reactions to SSB health warnings. A national convenience sample of U.S. adults (n = 1360) completed an online survey in 2018. In a factorial design, we randomly assigned participants to view SSB health warnings that differed in: 1) inclusion of health effects (“Drinking beverages with added sugar contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay”); 2) inclusion of a nutrient disclosure (“High in added sugar”); 3) inclusion of the marker word “WARNING;” and 4) shape (octagon vs. rectangle). The primary outcome was perceived message effectiveness (PME, range 1–5). PME was higher for warnings that included health effects (average differential effect [ADE] = 0.63, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.010 |
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•Uncertainty remains about how to design impactful health warnings for sugary drinks.•Describing health effects increases perceived effectiveness of sugary drink warnings.•Including a nutrient disclosure also increases perceived effectiveness.•But, including both of these elements reduces each's impact on perceived effectiveness.•“Marker” words and octagon-shaped labels also increase perceived effectiveness.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0091-7435</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0260</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.010</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30772370</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Adult ; Female ; Food Labeling - methods ; Front of package labels ; Health communication ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Health warnings ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrients ; Nutrition ; Obesity - psychology ; Obesity prevention ; Sugar-sweetened beverages ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages - adverse effects ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; Warnings labels</subject><ispartof>Preventive medicine, 2019-04, Vol.121, p.158-166</ispartof><rights>2019 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-1844004c1ff35724cba47716ba0a50f51bad300ee6c3b08e5166f84c7a2c96c23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-1844004c1ff35724cba47716ba0a50f51bad300ee6c3b08e5166f84c7a2c96c23</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743519300490$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,3537,27903,27904,65309</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30772370$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Grummon, Anna H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hall, Marissa G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taillie, Lindsey Smith</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brewer, Noel T.</creatorcontrib><title>How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment</title><title>Preventive medicine</title><addtitle>Prev Med</addtitle><description>Health warnings are a promising strategy for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but uncertainty remains about how to design warnings to maximize their impact. Warnings already implemented in Latin America use nutrient disclosures, while proposed U.S. warnings would describe the health effects of consuming SSBs. We sought to determine whether warning characteristics influence consumers' reactions to SSB health warnings. A national convenience sample of U.S. adults (n = 1360) completed an online survey in 2018. In a factorial design, we randomly assigned participants to view SSB health warnings that differed in: 1) inclusion of health effects (“Drinking beverages with added sugar contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay”); 2) inclusion of a nutrient disclosure (“High in added sugar”); 3) inclusion of the marker word “WARNING;” and 4) shape (octagon vs. rectangle). The primary outcome was perceived message effectiveness (PME, range 1–5). PME was higher for warnings that included health effects (average differential effect [ADE] = 0.63, p < 0.001) or nutrient disclosures (ADE = 0.32, p < 0.001) compared to warnings without this information. However, adding a nutrient disclosure to a warning that already included health effects did not lead to higher PME compared to warnings with health effects alone. The marker “WARNING” (ADE = 0.21) and the octagon shape (ADE = 0.08) also led to higher PME compared to warnings without these characteristics (ps < 0.001). The same pattern of results held for the secondary outcomes, fear and thinking about harms. SSB health warnings may have more impact if they describe health effects, use the marker “WARNING,” and are octagon-shaped.
•Uncertainty remains about how to design impactful health warnings for sugary drinks.•Describing health effects increases perceived effectiveness of sugary drink warnings.•Including a nutrient disclosure also increases perceived effectiveness.•But, including both of these elements reduces each's impact on perceived effectiveness.•“Marker” words and octagon-shaped labels also increase perceived effectiveness.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Food Labeling - methods</subject><subject>Front of package labels</subject><subject>Health communication</subject><subject>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</subject><subject>Health warnings</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nutrients</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Obesity - psychology</subject><subject>Obesity prevention</subject><subject>Sugar-sweetened beverages</subject><subject>Sugar-Sweetened Beverages - adverse effects</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Warnings labels</subject><issn>0091-7435</issn><issn>1096-0260</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM1Kw0AQxxdRbK0-gSB5gcTZZLNpDiqlqBUKXhS8LZvNJNmSJmE3ba1P79Zq0YunOcz_Y-ZHyCWFgALl14tg2y0xD0KgaQBhABSOyJBCyn0IORyTIUBK_YRF8YCcWbsAoJQDOyWDCJIkjBIYkrdZu_Fs1a7q3LOrUhrfbhB7bDD3MlyjkSV6Fcq6r7yNNI1uSusWXo5Wl0505008I5u8XeoPZ8H3Do1eYtOfk5NC1hYvvueIvD7cv0xn_vz58Wk6mfuKxWnv0zFjAEzRoojiJGQqkyxJKM8kyBiKmGYyjwAQuYoyGGNMOS_GTCUyVClXYTQit_vcbpU5GspVG1mLzl0hzVa0Uou_m0ZXomzXgscOHDAXEO0DlGmtNVgcvBTEDrRYiC_QYgdaQCiczbmuftcePD9kneBmL0D3_FqjEVZpbBTm2qDqRd7qfws-ASIrklo</recordid><startdate>20190401</startdate><enddate>20190401</enddate><creator>Grummon, Anna H.</creator><creator>Hall, Marissa G.</creator><creator>Taillie, Lindsey Smith</creator><creator>Brewer, Noel T.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20190401</creationdate><title>How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment</title><author>Grummon, Anna H. ; Hall, Marissa G. ; Taillie, Lindsey Smith ; Brewer, Noel T.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c459t-1844004c1ff35724cba47716ba0a50f51bad300ee6c3b08e5166f84c7a2c96c23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Food Labeling - methods</topic><topic>Front of package labels</topic><topic>Health communication</topic><topic>Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice</topic><topic>Health warnings</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nutrients</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Obesity - psychology</topic><topic>Obesity prevention</topic><topic>Sugar-sweetened beverages</topic><topic>Sugar-Sweetened Beverages - adverse effects</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>United States</topic><topic>Warnings labels</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Grummon, Anna H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hall, Marissa G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taillie, Lindsey Smith</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brewer, Noel T.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Preventive medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Grummon, Anna H.</au><au>Hall, Marissa G.</au><au>Taillie, Lindsey Smith</au><au>Brewer, Noel T.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment</atitle><jtitle>Preventive medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Prev Med</addtitle><date>2019-04-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>121</volume><spage>158</spage><epage>166</epage><pages>158-166</pages><issn>0091-7435</issn><eissn>1096-0260</eissn><abstract>Health warnings are a promising strategy for reducing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), but uncertainty remains about how to design warnings to maximize their impact. Warnings already implemented in Latin America use nutrient disclosures, while proposed U.S. warnings would describe the health effects of consuming SSBs. We sought to determine whether warning characteristics influence consumers' reactions to SSB health warnings. A national convenience sample of U.S. adults (n = 1360) completed an online survey in 2018. In a factorial design, we randomly assigned participants to view SSB health warnings that differed in: 1) inclusion of health effects (“Drinking beverages with added sugar contributes to obesity, diabetes, and tooth decay”); 2) inclusion of a nutrient disclosure (“High in added sugar”); 3) inclusion of the marker word “WARNING;” and 4) shape (octagon vs. rectangle). The primary outcome was perceived message effectiveness (PME, range 1–5). PME was higher for warnings that included health effects (average differential effect [ADE] = 0.63, p < 0.001) or nutrient disclosures (ADE = 0.32, p < 0.001) compared to warnings without this information. However, adding a nutrient disclosure to a warning that already included health effects did not lead to higher PME compared to warnings with health effects alone. The marker “WARNING” (ADE = 0.21) and the octagon shape (ADE = 0.08) also led to higher PME compared to warnings without these characteristics (ps < 0.001). The same pattern of results held for the secondary outcomes, fear and thinking about harms. SSB health warnings may have more impact if they describe health effects, use the marker “WARNING,” and are octagon-shaped.
•Uncertainty remains about how to design impactful health warnings for sugary drinks.•Describing health effects increases perceived effectiveness of sugary drink warnings.•Including a nutrient disclosure also increases perceived effectiveness.•But, including both of these elements reduces each's impact on perceived effectiveness.•“Marker” words and octagon-shaped labels also increase perceived effectiveness.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>30772370</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.02.010</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adult Female Food Labeling - methods Front of package labels Health communication Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Health warnings Humans Male Middle Aged Nutrients Nutrition Obesity - psychology Obesity prevention Sugar-sweetened beverages Sugar-Sweetened Beverages - adverse effects Surveys and Questionnaires United States Warnings labels |
| title | How should sugar-sweetened beverage health warnings be designed? A randomized experiment |
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