The Costs of Living Together: Immune Responses to the Microbiota and Chronic Gut Inflammation

While the vertebrate microbiota is critical to the normal function of many host traits, hosts may expend a large amount of energy to constrain and interface with their microbiota via their immune system to avoid the high fitness costs associated with gut dysbiosis, pathobionts, and opportunistic pat...

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Veröffentlicht in:Applied and environmental microbiology 2019-05, Vol.85 (10)
Hauptverfasser: Kirschman, Lucas J, Milligan-Myhre, Kathryn C
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description While the vertebrate microbiota is critical to the normal function of many host traits, hosts may expend a large amount of energy to constrain and interface with their microbiota via their immune system to avoid the high fitness costs associated with gut dysbiosis, pathobionts, and opportunistic pathogens. All jawed vertebrates share mucosal immunity dedicated to isolating the microbiota, and a breakdown of this system can result in chronic gut inflammation. In humans, chronic gut inflammation negatively affects growth and development. There is little information available on the prevalence of chronic gut inflammation in wild animals, but given that animals with different life histories emphasize different immune responses, it follows that wild animals may vary in their susceptibility to chronic gut inflammation, and most animals will experience signaling that can lead to this state. These can be top-down signals originating from sources like the central nervous system or bottom-up signals originating from changes in the gut microbiota. The sources of these signals might include stress, developmental transitions, food restriction, and dietary shifts. Here, we briefly discuss host-microbiota interactions from the perspective of life history theory and ecoimmunology, focusing on the mucosal immune system and chronic gut inflammation. We also include future directions for research and the tools necessary to investigate them.
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source American Society for Microbiology; MEDLINE; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection
subjects Animals
Central nervous system
Diet
Dysbacteriosis
Dysbiosis
Fitness
Food availability
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - immunology
Host Microbial Interactions
Humans
Immune response
Immune system
Immunity
Immunity, Mucosal
Inflammation
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - microbiology
Intestinal microflora
Life history
Meeting Review
Microbiota
Mucosal immunity
Opportunist infection
Vertebrates
Wild animals
title The Costs of Living Together: Immune Responses to the Microbiota and Chronic Gut Inflammation
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