Targeting Cytokines for Morphine Tolerance: A Narrative Review

Background: Despite its various side effects, morphine has been widely used in clinics for decades due to its powerful analgesic effect. Morphine tolerance is one of the major side effects, hindering its long-term usage for pain therapy. Currently, the thorough cellular and molecular mechanisms unde...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Current neuropharmacology 2019-01, Vol.17 (4), p.366-376
Hauptverfasser:	Liu, Dai-Qiang, Zhou, Ya-Qun, Gao, Feng
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Analgesics Analgesics, Opioid - pharmacology Animal models Animals Chemokines Cytokines Cytokines - antagonists & inhibitors Cytokines - biosynthesis Cytokines - metabolism Drug development Drug Tolerance Humans Inflammation Interleukin 1 Interleukin 10 Interleukin 6 Medical Subject Headings-MeSH Models, Animal Molecular modelling Morphine Morphine - pharmacology Side effects Tumor necrosis factor-α
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