Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil
Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora. Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition....
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pharmaceutical biology 2019-01, Vol.57 (1), p.154-160 |
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| creator | Atolani, O. Oguntoye, H. Areh, E. T. Adeyemi, O. S. Kambizi, L. |
| description | Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora.
Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition.
Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10-50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0-1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively.
Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly (p 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC
50
44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti-T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC
50
/EC
50
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1080/13880209.2019.1577468 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6442224</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><doaj_id>oai_doaj_org_article_24eb4f7106f84711b921c43fc29d0509</doaj_id><sourcerecordid>2197331182</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-9b8e62c1ff8437ea7600fe8f0309f6c6a972d6ce417e7c4e99c0af1ea7efca553</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkk1v1DAQhiMEoqXwE0CRuHBoij_j-IJAKz4qVeICZ2vWsbdeOZnFzhZW4sfjkG1FOcBpPJ7H73jst6qeU3JBSUdeU951hBF9wQjVF1QqJdruQXVKlRCNpLR9WNaFaWbopHqS85YQIjmXj6sTTjSRjHen1c_VtRuChVhbHHaYwxRwPK9hnEIz4Q_cRcgDnNf2MGHJgw3TYSmXpC9xTvqFD6OPMAwwYTrUO5xc2YSYa_T1CiPUm7ApnIM6O9fXGOLT6pEvgHt2jGfV1w_vv6w-NVefP16u3l01Vmo5NXrduZZZ6n0nuHKgWkK86zwpY_jWtqAV61vrBFVOWeG0tgQ8LaDzFqTkZ9XlotsjbM0uhQHSwSAE83sD08ZAmoKNzjDh1sIrStrSTFG61oxawb1luieS6KL1ZtHa7deD620ZMkG8J3q_MoZrs8Eb0wrBGBNF4NVRIOG3vcuTGUK2LkYYHe5zuQHXgs2f-3-UasU5pd2MvvwL3eI-jeVVDeOasraMpAolF8omzDk5f3dvSsxsK3NrKzPbyhxtVc69-HPou1O3PirA2wUoHsA0wHdMsTcTHCImn2C0IRv-7x6_AOQW3io</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Website</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2391267107</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil</title><source>Taylor & Francis Open Access</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><creator>Atolani, O. ; Oguntoye, H. ; Areh, E. T. ; Adeyemi, O. S. ; Kambizi, L.</creator><creatorcontrib>Atolani, O. ; Oguntoye, H. ; Areh, E. T. ; Adeyemi, O. S. ; Kambizi, L.</creatorcontrib><description>Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora.
Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition.
Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10-50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0-1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively.
Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly (p < 0.05) low scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC
50
> 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC
50
44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti-T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC
50
/EC
50
< 1).
Discussion and conclusions: The antioxidant potential of the oil suggests that it may serve as a potential source for various preparations for pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1388-0209</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1744-5116</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1744-5116</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1577468</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30905238</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Taylor & Francis</publisher><subject>2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ; ABTS ; anti-inflammatory activity ; Anti-inflammatory agents ; antioxidant activity ; Antioxidants ; Ascorbic acid ; beta-sitosterol ; campesterol ; cell lines ; cell membrane stabilization ; Cell membranes ; Chemical composition ; Cholesterol ; cosmetics ; Cytotoxicity ; dose response ; DPPH ; drugs ; Fatty acid ; Fatty acids ; fibroblast ; flora ; free radicals ; Gas chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Inflammation ; inhibitory concentration 50 ; linoleic acid ; Malvaceae ; mammals ; Mass spectroscopy ; median effective concentration ; Oilseeds ; palmitic acid ; Quercetin ; Radicals ; seed oils ; Seeds ; solid phase extraction ; sterolic acid ; stigmasterol ; Toxoplasma gondii ; tropical plants ; β-sitosterol</subject><ispartof>Pharmaceutical biology, 2019-01, Vol.57 (1), p.154-160</ispartof><rights>2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. 2019</rights><rights>2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. 2019 The Author(s)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-9b8e62c1ff8437ea7600fe8f0309f6c6a972d6ce417e7c4e99c0af1ea7efca553</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-9b8e62c1ff8437ea7600fe8f0309f6c6a972d6ce417e7c4e99c0af1ea7efca553</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3580-5904</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442224/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6442224/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,2095,27481,27903,27904,53770,53772,59120,59121</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905238$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Atolani, O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oguntoye, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Areh, E. T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adeyemi, O. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kambizi, L.</creatorcontrib><title>Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil</title><title>Pharmaceutical biology</title><addtitle>Pharm Biol</addtitle><description>Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora.
Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition.
Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10-50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0-1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively.
Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly (p < 0.05) low scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC
50
> 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC
50
44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti-T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC
50
/EC
50
< 1).
Discussion and conclusions: The antioxidant potential of the oil suggests that it may serve as a potential source for various preparations for pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.</description><subject>2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl</subject><subject>ABTS</subject><subject>anti-inflammatory activity</subject><subject>Anti-inflammatory agents</subject><subject>antioxidant activity</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Ascorbic acid</subject><subject>beta-sitosterol</subject><subject>campesterol</subject><subject>cell lines</subject><subject>cell membrane stabilization</subject><subject>Cell membranes</subject><subject>Chemical composition</subject><subject>Cholesterol</subject><subject>cosmetics</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>dose response</subject><subject>DPPH</subject><subject>drugs</subject><subject>Fatty acid</subject><subject>Fatty acids</subject><subject>fibroblast</subject><subject>flora</subject><subject>free radicals</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>inhibitory concentration 50</subject><subject>linoleic acid</subject><subject>Malvaceae</subject><subject>mammals</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>median effective concentration</subject><subject>Oilseeds</subject><subject>palmitic acid</subject><subject>Quercetin</subject><subject>Radicals</subject><subject>seed oils</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>solid phase extraction</subject><subject>sterolic acid</subject><subject>stigmasterol</subject><subject>Toxoplasma gondii</subject><subject>tropical plants</subject><subject>β-sitosterol</subject><issn>1388-0209</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>0YH</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>DOA</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkk1v1DAQhiMEoqXwE0CRuHBoij_j-IJAKz4qVeICZ2vWsbdeOZnFzhZW4sfjkG1FOcBpPJ7H73jst6qeU3JBSUdeU951hBF9wQjVF1QqJdruQXVKlRCNpLR9WNaFaWbopHqS85YQIjmXj6sTTjSRjHen1c_VtRuChVhbHHaYwxRwPK9hnEIz4Q_cRcgDnNf2MGHJgw3TYSmXpC9xTvqFD6OPMAwwYTrUO5xc2YSYa_T1CiPUm7ApnIM6O9fXGOLT6pEvgHt2jGfV1w_vv6w-NVefP16u3l01Vmo5NXrduZZZ6n0nuHKgWkK86zwpY_jWtqAV61vrBFVOWeG0tgQ8LaDzFqTkZ9XlotsjbM0uhQHSwSAE83sD08ZAmoKNzjDh1sIrStrSTFG61oxawb1luieS6KL1ZtHa7deD620ZMkG8J3q_MoZrs8Eb0wrBGBNF4NVRIOG3vcuTGUK2LkYYHe5zuQHXgs2f-3-UasU5pd2MvvwL3eI-jeVVDeOasraMpAolF8omzDk5f3dvSsxsK3NrKzPbyhxtVc69-HPou1O3PirA2wUoHsA0wHdMsTcTHCImn2C0IRv-7x6_AOQW3io</recordid><startdate>20190101</startdate><enddate>20190101</enddate><creator>Atolani, O.</creator><creator>Oguntoye, H.</creator><creator>Areh, E. T.</creator><creator>Adeyemi, O. S.</creator><creator>Kambizi, L.</creator><general>Taylor & Francis</general><general>Taylor & Francis Ltd</general><general>Taylor & Francis Group</general><scope>0YH</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope><scope>DOA</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3580-5904</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190101</creationdate><title>Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil</title><author>Atolani, O. ; Oguntoye, H. ; Areh, E. T. ; Adeyemi, O. S. ; Kambizi, L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c595t-9b8e62c1ff8437ea7600fe8f0309f6c6a972d6ce417e7c4e99c0af1ea7efca553</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl</topic><topic>ABTS</topic><topic>anti-inflammatory activity</topic><topic>Anti-inflammatory agents</topic><topic>antioxidant activity</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Ascorbic acid</topic><topic>beta-sitosterol</topic><topic>campesterol</topic><topic>cell lines</topic><topic>cell membrane stabilization</topic><topic>Cell membranes</topic><topic>Chemical composition</topic><topic>Cholesterol</topic><topic>cosmetics</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>dose response</topic><topic>DPPH</topic><topic>drugs</topic><topic>Fatty acid</topic><topic>Fatty acids</topic><topic>fibroblast</topic><topic>flora</topic><topic>free radicals</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</topic><topic>Inflammation</topic><topic>inhibitory concentration 50</topic><topic>linoleic acid</topic><topic>Malvaceae</topic><topic>mammals</topic><topic>Mass spectroscopy</topic><topic>median effective concentration</topic><topic>Oilseeds</topic><topic>palmitic acid</topic><topic>Quercetin</topic><topic>Radicals</topic><topic>seed oils</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>solid phase extraction</topic><topic>sterolic acid</topic><topic>stigmasterol</topic><topic>Toxoplasma gondii</topic><topic>tropical plants</topic><topic>β-sitosterol</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Atolani, O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oguntoye, H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Areh, E. T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Adeyemi, O. S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kambizi, L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Taylor & Francis Open Access</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>Genetics Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><collection>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</collection><jtitle>Pharmaceutical biology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Atolani, O.</au><au>Oguntoye, H.</au><au>Areh, E. T.</au><au>Adeyemi, O. S.</au><au>Kambizi, L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil</atitle><jtitle>Pharmaceutical biology</jtitle><addtitle>Pharm Biol</addtitle><date>2019-01-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>57</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>154</spage><epage>160</epage><pages>154-160</pages><issn>1388-0209</issn><issn>1744-5116</issn><eissn>1744-5116</eissn><abstract>Context: Cola gigantea A. Chev. (Sterculiaceae) is an important medicinal tropical flora.
Objective: The seed oil of C. gigantea, an underutilized tropical plant was investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-Toxoplasma, and cytotoxicity activities as well as the chemical composition.
Materials and methods: The physicochemical parameters of the seed oil obtained via Soxhlet extraction was determined while the fatty acid and non-fatty acid component were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays (10-50 µg/mL) while the anti-inflammatory property was determined through Cell Membrane Stabilization assay. The anti-parasite and cytotoxicity activity were evaluated (0-1000 µg/mL) using Toxoplasma gondii and mammalian cell line assays, respectively.
Results: The oil had fatty acids which ranged from C-12 to C-23 with linoleic (18:2) and palmitic acids (16:0) being dominant. The oil had 89.41% unsaturated fatty acids with sterolic acid, an uncommon acetylenic fatty acid reported for the first time. Non-fatty acids obtained include cholesterol (2.12%), campesterol (14.12%), stigmasterol (34.07%) and β-sitosterol (49.68%). The oil had a significantly (p < 0.05) low scavenging activity against DPPH radicals (IC
50
> 50 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid. In contrast, the oil showed better activity against ABTS radicals (IC
50
44.19 ± 6.27 µg/mL) compared with ascorbic acid or quercetin. Furthermore, the oil showed anti-T. gondii and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HFF cells with selectivity index (IC
50
/EC
50
< 1).
Discussion and conclusions: The antioxidant potential of the oil suggests that it may serve as a potential source for various preparations for pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Taylor & Francis</pub><pmid>30905238</pmid><doi>10.1080/13880209.2019.1577468</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3580-5904</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Taylor & Francis Open Access; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; PubMed Central; Alma/SFX Local Collection |
| subjects | 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ABTS anti-inflammatory activity Anti-inflammatory agents antioxidant activity Antioxidants Ascorbic acid beta-sitosterol campesterol cell lines cell membrane stabilization Cell membranes Chemical composition Cholesterol cosmetics Cytotoxicity dose response DPPH drugs Fatty acid Fatty acids fibroblast flora free radicals Gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Inflammation inhibitory concentration 50 linoleic acid Malvaceae mammals Mass spectroscopy median effective concentration Oilseeds palmitic acid Quercetin Radicals seed oils Seeds solid phase extraction sterolic acid stigmasterol Toxoplasma gondii tropical plants β-sitosterol |
| title | Chemical composition, anti-toxoplasma, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of Cola gigantea seed oil |
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