Rapid Enkephalin Delivery Using Exosomes to Promote Neurons Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Neuronal p53/Caspase-3
No pharmacological treatment is currently available to protect brain from neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immun...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | BioMed research international 2019-01, Vol.2019 (2019), p.1-11 |
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| creator | Wang, Xiumei Su, Jiangli Fu, Naisheng Liu, Yang Li, Xiaohua |
| description | No pharmacological treatment is currently available to protect brain from neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immunofluorescence assay showed that transferrin was combined with the exosomes and enkephalin was packaged into the vesicle; thus this complex was called tar-exo-enkephalin. In vitro studies were performed using rat primary hippocampal neurons and the results showed that enkephalin decreased p53 and caspase-3 levels to 47.6% and 67.2%, respectively, compared to neurons treated with glutamate, thus inhibiting neuron apoptosis caused by glutamate. An in vivo experiment in rats was also carried out using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)/reperfusion model and tar-exo-enkephalin treatment was performed after tMCAO. The results showed that tar-exo-enkephalin crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and decreased the levels of LDH, p53, caspase-3, and NO by 41.9, 52.6, 45.5, and 57.9% compared to the tMCAO rats, respectively. In addition, tar-exo-enkephalin improved brain neuron density and neurological score after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the use of exogenous enkephalin might promote neurological recovery after stroke. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1155/2019/4273290 |
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Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immunofluorescence assay showed that transferrin was combined with the exosomes and enkephalin was packaged into the vesicle; thus this complex was called tar-exo-enkephalin. In vitro studies were performed using rat primary hippocampal neurons and the results showed that enkephalin decreased p53 and caspase-3 levels to 47.6% and 67.2%, respectively, compared to neurons treated with glutamate, thus inhibiting neuron apoptosis caused by glutamate. An in vivo experiment in rats was also carried out using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)/reperfusion model and tar-exo-enkephalin treatment was performed after tMCAO. The results showed that tar-exo-enkephalin crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and decreased the levels of LDH, p53, caspase-3, and NO by 41.9, 52.6, 45.5, and 57.9% compared to the tMCAO rats, respectively. In addition, tar-exo-enkephalin improved brain neuron density and neurological score after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the use of exogenous enkephalin might promote neurological recovery after stroke.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2314-6133</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2314-6141</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1155/2019/4273290</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30949500</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cairo, Egypt: Hindawi Publishing Corporation</publisher><subject>Animal experimentation ; Apoptosis ; Blood-brain barrier ; Brain ; Brain damage ; Brain injury ; Brain research ; Caspase ; Caspase-3 ; Cell culture ; Cerebral blood flow ; Drug therapy ; Enkephalins ; Exosomes ; Gene expression ; Glutamate ; Hippocampus ; Immunofluorescence ; Ischemia ; Metabolism ; Narcotics ; Neurons ; Neurosciences ; Occlusion ; p53 Protein ; Pharmacology ; Recovery ; Regeneration ; Reperfusion ; Stem cells ; Stroke ; Stroke (Disease) ; Tar ; Transferrin ; Transferrins ; Tumor proteins</subject><ispartof>BioMed research international, 2019-01, Vol.2019 (2019), p.1-11</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2019 Yang Liu et al.</rights><rights>COPYRIGHT 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 Yang Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 Yang Liu et al. 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-c46cf74af37e5dcedc4c93333cc6e9197f7904af6ec773bf2c244cdd9407b6a73</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-c46cf74af37e5dcedc4c93333cc6e9197f7904af6ec773bf2c244cdd9407b6a73</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9329-0814 ; 0000-0002-8011-3077</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425296/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425296/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30949500$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Rastaldo, Raffaella</contributor><contributor>Raffaella Rastaldo</contributor><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xiumei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Jiangli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Naisheng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Xiaohua</creatorcontrib><title>Rapid Enkephalin Delivery Using Exosomes to Promote Neurons Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Neuronal p53/Caspase-3</title><title>BioMed research international</title><addtitle>Biomed Res Int</addtitle><description>No pharmacological treatment is currently available to protect brain from neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immunofluorescence assay showed that transferrin was combined with the exosomes and enkephalin was packaged into the vesicle; thus this complex was called tar-exo-enkephalin. In vitro studies were performed using rat primary hippocampal neurons and the results showed that enkephalin decreased p53 and caspase-3 levels to 47.6% and 67.2%, respectively, compared to neurons treated with glutamate, thus inhibiting neuron apoptosis caused by glutamate. An in vivo experiment in rats was also carried out using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)/reperfusion model and tar-exo-enkephalin treatment was performed after tMCAO. The results showed that tar-exo-enkephalin crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and decreased the levels of LDH, p53, caspase-3, and NO by 41.9, 52.6, 45.5, and 57.9% compared to the tMCAO rats, respectively. In addition, tar-exo-enkephalin improved brain neuron density and neurological score after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the use of exogenous enkephalin might promote neurological recovery after stroke.</description><subject>Animal experimentation</subject><subject>Apoptosis</subject><subject>Blood-brain barrier</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Brain damage</subject><subject>Brain injury</subject><subject>Brain research</subject><subject>Caspase</subject><subject>Caspase-3</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cerebral blood flow</subject><subject>Drug therapy</subject><subject>Enkephalins</subject><subject>Exosomes</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Glutamate</subject><subject>Hippocampus</subject><subject>Immunofluorescence</subject><subject>Ischemia</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Narcotics</subject><subject>Neurons</subject><subject>Neurosciences</subject><subject>Occlusion</subject><subject>p53 Protein</subject><subject>Pharmacology</subject><subject>Recovery</subject><subject>Regeneration</subject><subject>Reperfusion</subject><subject>Stem cells</subject><subject>Stroke</subject><subject>Stroke (Disease)</subject><subject>Tar</subject><subject>Transferrin</subject><subject>Transferrins</subject><subject>Tumor 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Enkephalin Delivery Using Exosomes to Promote Neurons Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Neuronal p53/Caspase-3</title><author>Wang, Xiumei ; Su, Jiangli ; Fu, Naisheng ; Liu, Yang ; Li, Xiaohua</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c565t-c46cf74af37e5dcedc4c93333cc6e9197f7904af6ec773bf2c244cdd9407b6a73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Animal experimentation</topic><topic>Apoptosis</topic><topic>Blood-brain barrier</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Brain damage</topic><topic>Brain injury</topic><topic>Brain research</topic><topic>Caspase</topic><topic>Caspase-3</topic><topic>Cell culture</topic><topic>Cerebral blood flow</topic><topic>Drug therapy</topic><topic>Enkephalins</topic><topic>Exosomes</topic><topic>Gene 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Int</addtitle><date>2019-01-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>2019</volume><issue>2019</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>11</epage><pages>1-11</pages><issn>2314-6133</issn><eissn>2314-6141</eissn><abstract>No pharmacological treatment is currently available to protect brain from neuronal damage after ischemic stroke. Recent studies found that enkephalin may play an important role in neuron regeneration. We assembled a homogeneous size vesicle constituted by transferrin, exosomes, and enkephalin. Immunofluorescence assay showed that transferrin was combined with the exosomes and enkephalin was packaged into the vesicle; thus this complex was called tar-exo-enkephalin. In vitro studies were performed using rat primary hippocampal neurons and the results showed that enkephalin decreased p53 and caspase-3 levels to 47.6% and 67.2%, respectively, compared to neurons treated with glutamate, thus inhibiting neuron apoptosis caused by glutamate. An in vivo experiment in rats was also carried out using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO)/reperfusion model and tar-exo-enkephalin treatment was performed after tMCAO. The results showed that tar-exo-enkephalin crossed the blood brain barrier (BBB) and decreased the levels of LDH, p53, caspase-3, and NO by 41.9, 52.6, 45.5, and 57.9% compared to the tMCAO rats, respectively. In addition, tar-exo-enkephalin improved brain neuron density and neurological score after tMCAO. These findings suggest that the use of exogenous enkephalin might promote neurological recovery after stroke.</abstract><cop>Cairo, Egypt</cop><pub>Hindawi Publishing Corporation</pub><pmid>30949500</pmid><doi>10.1155/2019/4273290</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9329-0814</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8011-3077</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal experimentation Apoptosis Blood-brain barrier Brain Brain damage Brain injury Brain research Caspase Caspase-3 Cell culture Cerebral blood flow Drug therapy Enkephalins Exosomes Gene expression Glutamate Hippocampus Immunofluorescence Ischemia Metabolism Narcotics Neurons Neurosciences Occlusion p53 Protein Pharmacology Recovery Regeneration Reperfusion Stem cells Stroke Stroke (Disease) Tar Transferrin Transferrins Tumor proteins |
| title | Rapid Enkephalin Delivery Using Exosomes to Promote Neurons Recovery in Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Neuronal p53/Caspase-3 |
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