Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway
(L.) Areschoug ( ) is a species of littoral brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. Only a few studies on the apoptotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties of have been reported, and its inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-...
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| description | (L.) Areschoug (
) is a species of littoral brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. Only a few studies on the apoptotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties of
have been reported, and its inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of
extract on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanocytes and its mechanism of action.
was extracted using 80% ethanol (LDE) and then fractioned between ethyl acetate (LDE-EA) and water (LDE-A). Our data demonstrated that LDE-EA significantly inhibited melanin level and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. In addition, the expression of genes associated with melanin synthesis, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (
), tyrosinase (
), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (
), dopachrome tautomerase (
), and melanocortin 1 receptor (
) was down-regulated by LDE-EA treatment. Moreover, LDE-EA decreased p-CREB levels, which suggests that the inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways may be involved in the anti-melanogenic effect of LDE-EA. Thus, this study revealed that LDE-EA is an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation through inhibition of CREB pathways and may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms20030536 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6386916</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2332022735</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3276-52f78dd6cf4390508f29ddd6ce97a1c25fef246fc27a1f1422fa9808bac07d223</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpVUctOwzAQtBCI940zssSVgLNunPiCREuBSkUgHmfLdezUVWpDnPA48U38CN-EKx4qp93Vzs7saBDaS8kRpZwc29k8ACGUZJStoM20B5AQwvLVpX4DbYUwIwQoZHwdbVDCeMZ5bxO9j7VspzpYiUtrjG_mNuDha9tI1eKRm9qJbQP-_Eiu7i6TkSs7pUt8pWvpfKVdvAvYOtxP2XlK8EDXdcDPkevMv7jkVlddLVvrHfYGD26HfXxnKydr6yp8E2Vf5NsOWjOyDnr3p26jh_Ph_eAyGV9fjAan40RRyFmSgcmLsmTK9KLnjBQGeLmYNc9lqiAz2kCPGQVxNAvfRvKCFBOpSF4C0G108s372E3mulTaRYu1eGzsXDZvwksr_m-cnYrKPwtGC8ZTFgkOfgga_9Tp0IqZ75poJgigFAhATrOIOvxGqcaH0Gjzp5ASsYhLLMcV4fvLX_2Bf_OhX0pCkjY</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2332022735</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Seo, Ga-Young ; Ha, Yuna ; Park, Ah-Hyun ; Kwon, Oh Wook ; Kim, Youn-Jung</creator><creatorcontrib>Seo, Ga-Young ; Ha, Yuna ; Park, Ah-Hyun ; Kwon, Oh Wook ; Kim, Youn-Jung</creatorcontrib><description>(L.) Areschoug (
) is a species of littoral brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. Only a few studies on the apoptotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties of
have been reported, and its inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of
extract on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanocytes and its mechanism of action.
was extracted using 80% ethanol (LDE) and then fractioned between ethyl acetate (LDE-EA) and water (LDE-A). Our data demonstrated that LDE-EA significantly inhibited melanin level and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. In addition, the expression of genes associated with melanin synthesis, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (
), tyrosinase (
), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (
), dopachrome tautomerase (
), and melanocortin 1 receptor (
) was down-regulated by LDE-EA treatment. Moreover, LDE-EA decreased p-CREB levels, which suggests that the inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways may be involved in the anti-melanogenic effect of LDE-EA. Thus, this study revealed that LDE-EA is an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation through inhibition of CREB pathways and may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030536</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30695994</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Acids ; Adrenocorticotropic hormone ; Algae ; alpha-MSH - pharmacology ; Animals ; Ascorbic acid ; Biosynthesis ; Cell Death - drug effects ; Cell Survival - drug effects ; Cyclic AMP - metabolism ; Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein - metabolism ; Cytotoxicity ; Dermatitis ; Dihydroxyphenylalanine ; Down-regulation ; Down-Regulation - drug effects ; Endothelin 1 ; Endothelins ; Gene expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - drug effects ; Hydroquinone ; Keratinocytes ; Kinases ; Kojic acid ; Melanin ; Melanins - biosynthesis ; Melanocortin ; Melanocyte-stimulating hormone ; Melanocytes ; Melanoma ; Melanoma, Experimental - metabolism ; Membrane proteins ; Mice ; Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor ; Models, Biological ; Monophenol Monooxygenase - metabolism ; mRNA ; Phaeophyceae - chemistry ; Pheomelanin ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphorylation - drug effects ; Pituitary ; Pituitary gland ; Proteins ; Reference Standards ; Retinoic acid ; RNA, Messenger - genetics ; RNA, Messenger - metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Skin ; Tyrosinase ; Ultraviolet radiation ; Xanthophylls - analysis</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2019-01, Vol.20 (3), p.536</ispartof><rights>2019. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2019 by the authors. 2019</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3276-52f78dd6cf4390508f29ddd6ce97a1c25fef246fc27a1f1422fa9808bac07d223</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3276-52f78dd6cf4390508f29ddd6ce97a1c25fef246fc27a1f1422fa9808bac07d223</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1482-8506</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6386916/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6386916/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30695994$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Seo, Ga-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ha, Yuna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Ah-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwon, Oh Wook</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Youn-Jung</creatorcontrib><title>Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway</title><title>International journal of molecular sciences</title><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><description>(L.) Areschoug (
) is a species of littoral brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. Only a few studies on the apoptotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties of
have been reported, and its inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of
extract on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanocytes and its mechanism of action.
was extracted using 80% ethanol (LDE) and then fractioned between ethyl acetate (LDE-EA) and water (LDE-A). Our data demonstrated that LDE-EA significantly inhibited melanin level and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. In addition, the expression of genes associated with melanin synthesis, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (
), tyrosinase (
), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (
), dopachrome tautomerase (
), and melanocortin 1 receptor (
) was down-regulated by LDE-EA treatment. Moreover, LDE-EA decreased p-CREB levels, which suggests that the inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways may be involved in the anti-melanogenic effect of LDE-EA. Thus, this study revealed that LDE-EA is an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation through inhibition of CREB pathways and may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.</description><subject>Acids</subject><subject>Adrenocorticotropic hormone</subject><subject>Algae</subject><subject>alpha-MSH - pharmacology</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Ascorbic acid</subject><subject>Biosynthesis</subject><subject>Cell Death - drug effects</subject><subject>Cell Survival - drug effects</subject><subject>Cyclic AMP - metabolism</subject><subject>Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein</subject><subject>Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Dermatitis</subject><subject>Dihydroxyphenylalanine</subject><subject>Down-regulation</subject><subject>Down-Regulation - drug effects</subject><subject>Endothelin 1</subject><subject>Endothelins</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - drug effects</subject><subject>Hydroquinone</subject><subject>Keratinocytes</subject><subject>Kinases</subject><subject>Kojic acid</subject><subject>Melanin</subject><subject>Melanins - biosynthesis</subject><subject>Melanocortin</subject><subject>Melanocyte-stimulating hormone</subject><subject>Melanocytes</subject><subject>Melanoma</subject><subject>Melanoma, Experimental - metabolism</subject><subject>Membrane proteins</subject><subject>Mice</subject><subject>Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor</subject><subject>Models, Biological</subject><subject>Monophenol Monooxygenase - metabolism</subject><subject>mRNA</subject><subject>Phaeophyceae - chemistry</subject><subject>Pheomelanin</subject><subject>Phosphorylation</subject><subject>Phosphorylation - drug effects</subject><subject>Pituitary</subject><subject>Pituitary gland</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Reference Standards</subject><subject>Retinoic acid</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - genetics</subject><subject>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</subject><subject>Signal Transduction</subject><subject>Skin</subject><subject>Tyrosinase</subject><subject>Ultraviolet radiation</subject><subject>Xanthophylls - analysis</subject><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><issn>1422-0067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpVUctOwzAQtBCI940zssSVgLNunPiCREuBSkUgHmfLdezUVWpDnPA48U38CN-EKx4qp93Vzs7saBDaS8kRpZwc29k8ACGUZJStoM20B5AQwvLVpX4DbYUwIwQoZHwdbVDCeMZ5bxO9j7VspzpYiUtrjG_mNuDha9tI1eKRm9qJbQP-_Eiu7i6TkSs7pUt8pWvpfKVdvAvYOtxP2XlK8EDXdcDPkevMv7jkVlddLVvrHfYGD26HfXxnKydr6yp8E2Vf5NsOWjOyDnr3p26jh_Ph_eAyGV9fjAan40RRyFmSgcmLsmTK9KLnjBQGeLmYNc9lqiAz2kCPGQVxNAvfRvKCFBOpSF4C0G108s372E3mulTaRYu1eGzsXDZvwksr_m-cnYrKPwtGC8ZTFgkOfgga_9Tp0IqZ75poJgigFAhATrOIOvxGqcaH0Gjzp5ASsYhLLMcV4fvLX_2Bf_OhX0pCkjY</recordid><startdate>20190128</startdate><enddate>20190128</enddate><creator>Seo, Ga-Young</creator><creator>Ha, Yuna</creator><creator>Park, Ah-Hyun</creator><creator>Kwon, Oh Wook</creator><creator>Kim, Youn-Jung</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1482-8506</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190128</creationdate><title>Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway</title><author>Seo, Ga-Young ; Ha, Yuna ; Park, Ah-Hyun ; Kwon, Oh Wook ; Kim, Youn-Jung</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3276-52f78dd6cf4390508f29ddd6ce97a1c25fef246fc27a1f1422fa9808bac07d223</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Acids</topic><topic>Adrenocorticotropic hormone</topic><topic>Algae</topic><topic>alpha-MSH - pharmacology</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Ascorbic acid</topic><topic>Biosynthesis</topic><topic>Cell Death - drug effects</topic><topic>Cell Survival - drug effects</topic><topic>Cyclic AMP - metabolism</topic><topic>Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein</topic><topic>Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytotoxicity</topic><topic>Dermatitis</topic><topic>Dihydroxyphenylalanine</topic><topic>Down-regulation</topic><topic>Down-Regulation - drug effects</topic><topic>Endothelin 1</topic><topic>Endothelins</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - drug effects</topic><topic>Hydroquinone</topic><topic>Keratinocytes</topic><topic>Kinases</topic><topic>Kojic acid</topic><topic>Melanin</topic><topic>Melanins - biosynthesis</topic><topic>Melanocortin</topic><topic>Melanocyte-stimulating hormone</topic><topic>Melanocytes</topic><topic>Melanoma</topic><topic>Melanoma, Experimental - metabolism</topic><topic>Membrane proteins</topic><topic>Mice</topic><topic>Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor</topic><topic>Models, Biological</topic><topic>Monophenol Monooxygenase - metabolism</topic><topic>mRNA</topic><topic>Phaeophyceae - chemistry</topic><topic>Pheomelanin</topic><topic>Phosphorylation</topic><topic>Phosphorylation - drug effects</topic><topic>Pituitary</topic><topic>Pituitary gland</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Reference Standards</topic><topic>Retinoic acid</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - genetics</topic><topic>RNA, Messenger - metabolism</topic><topic>Signal Transduction</topic><topic>Skin</topic><topic>Tyrosinase</topic><topic>Ultraviolet radiation</topic><topic>Xanthophylls - analysis</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Seo, Ga-Young</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ha, Yuna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Ah-Hyun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kwon, Oh Wook</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kim, Youn-Jung</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Seo, Ga-Young</au><au>Ha, Yuna</au><au>Park, Ah-Hyun</au><au>Kwon, Oh Wook</au><au>Kim, Youn-Jung</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway</atitle><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><date>2019-01-28</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>20</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>536</spage><pages>536-</pages><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><eissn>1422-0067</eissn><abstract>(L.) Areschoug (
) is a species of littoral brown algae of the class Phaeophyceae. Only a few studies on the apoptotic, antiviral, and antioxidant properties of
have been reported, and its inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of
extract on α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanocytes and its mechanism of action.
was extracted using 80% ethanol (LDE) and then fractioned between ethyl acetate (LDE-EA) and water (LDE-A). Our data demonstrated that LDE-EA significantly inhibited melanin level and cellular tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells. In addition, the expression of genes associated with melanin synthesis, such as microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (
), tyrosinase (
), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (
), dopachrome tautomerase (
), and melanocortin 1 receptor (
) was down-regulated by LDE-EA treatment. Moreover, LDE-EA decreased p-CREB levels, which suggests that the inhibition of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathways may be involved in the anti-melanogenic effect of LDE-EA. Thus, this study revealed that LDE-EA is an effective inhibitor of hyperpigmentation through inhibition of CREB pathways and may be considered as a potential therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation disorders.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>30695994</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijms20030536</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1482-8506</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | International journal of molecular sciences, 2019-01, Vol.20 (3), p.536 |
| issn | 1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6386916 |
| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Acids Adrenocorticotropic hormone Algae alpha-MSH - pharmacology Animals Ascorbic acid Biosynthesis Cell Death - drug effects Cell Survival - drug effects Cyclic AMP - metabolism Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein - metabolism Cytotoxicity Dermatitis Dihydroxyphenylalanine Down-regulation Down-Regulation - drug effects Endothelin 1 Endothelins Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic - drug effects Hydroquinone Keratinocytes Kinases Kojic acid Melanin Melanins - biosynthesis Melanocortin Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Melanocytes Melanoma Melanoma, Experimental - metabolism Membrane proteins Mice Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor Models, Biological Monophenol Monooxygenase - metabolism mRNA Phaeophyceae - chemistry Pheomelanin Phosphorylation Phosphorylation - drug effects Pituitary Pituitary gland Proteins Reference Standards Retinoic acid RNA, Messenger - genetics RNA, Messenger - metabolism Signal Transduction Skin Tyrosinase Ultraviolet radiation Xanthophylls - analysis |
| title | Leathesia difformis Extract Inhibits α-MSH-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Cells via Down-Regulation of CREB Signaling Pathway |
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