FLOWERING LOCUS T2 regulates spike development and fertility in temperate cereals
FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) is the closest paralog of the FT1 flowering gene in the temperate grasses. Here we show that overexpression of FT2 in Brachypodium distachyon and barley results in precocious flowering and reduced spikelet number, while down-regulation by RNA interference results in delayed...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of experimental botany 2019-01, Vol.70 (1), p.193-204 |
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| creator | Shaw, Lindsay M. Lyu, Bo Turner, Rebecca Li, Chengxia Chen, Fengjuan Han, Xiuli Fu, Daolin Dubcovsky, Jorge |
| description | FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) is the closest paralog of the FT1 flowering gene in the temperate grasses. Here we show that overexpression of FT2 in Brachypodium distachyon and barley results in precocious flowering and reduced spikelet number, while down-regulation by RNA interference results in delayed flowering and a reduced percentage of filled florets. Similarly, truncation mutations of FT2 homeologs in tetraploid wheat delayed flowering (2–4 d) and reduced fertility. The wheat ft2 mutants also showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets per spike, with a longer spike development period potentially contributing to the delayed heading time. In the wheat leaves, FT2 was expressed later than FT1, suggesting a relatively smaller role for FT2 in the initiation of the reproductive phase. FT2 transcripts were detected in the shoot apical meristem and increased during early spike development. Transversal sections of the developing spike showed the highest FT2 transcript levels in the distal part, where new spikelets are formed. Our results suggest that, in wheat, FT2 plays an important role in spike development and fertility and a limited role in the timing of the transition between the vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristem. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/jxb/ery350 |
| format | Article |
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Here we show that overexpression of FT2 in Brachypodium distachyon and barley results in precocious flowering and reduced spikelet number, while down-regulation by RNA interference results in delayed flowering and a reduced percentage of filled florets. Similarly, truncation mutations of FT2 homeologs in tetraploid wheat delayed flowering (2–4 d) and reduced fertility. The wheat ft2 mutants also showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets per spike, with a longer spike development period potentially contributing to the delayed heading time. In the wheat leaves, FT2 was expressed later than FT1, suggesting a relatively smaller role for FT2 in the initiation of the reproductive phase. FT2 transcripts were detected in the shoot apical meristem and increased during early spike development. Transversal sections of the developing spike showed the highest FT2 transcript levels in the distal part, where new spikelets are formed. Our results suggest that, in wheat, FT2 plays an important role in spike development and fertility and a limited role in the timing of the transition between the vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristem.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0022-0957</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1460-2431</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1460-2431</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery350</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30295847</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>UK: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>apical meristems ; barley ; Brachypodium - genetics ; Brachypodium - growth & development ; Brachypodium distachyon ; Fertility - genetics ; florets ; Flowers - genetics ; Flowers - growth & development ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; gene overexpression ; genes ; Genes, Plant - genetics ; Growth and Development ; heading ; Hordeum - genetics ; Hordeum - growth & development ; late flowering ; leaves ; loci ; mutants ; mutation ; Plant Proteins - genetics ; Plant Proteins - metabolism ; Reproduction - genetics ; Research Papers ; RNA interference ; spikelets ; temperate grasses ; tetraploidy ; Triticum ; Triticum - genetics ; Triticum - growth & development ; wheat</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental botany, 2019-01, Vol.70 (1), p.193-204</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2018</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-19b6c6d0ee83d39629291d6394fd4d275ef9e13daa582e0a69675e849f6ef423</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,1578,27903,27904</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30295847$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Shaw, Lindsay M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyu, Bo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chengxia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Fengjuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Xiuli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Daolin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dubcovsky, Jorge</creatorcontrib><title>FLOWERING LOCUS T2 regulates spike development and fertility in temperate cereals</title><title>Journal of experimental botany</title><addtitle>J Exp Bot</addtitle><description>FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) is the closest paralog of the FT1 flowering gene in the temperate grasses. Here we show that overexpression of FT2 in Brachypodium distachyon and barley results in precocious flowering and reduced spikelet number, while down-regulation by RNA interference results in delayed flowering and a reduced percentage of filled florets. Similarly, truncation mutations of FT2 homeologs in tetraploid wheat delayed flowering (2–4 d) and reduced fertility. The wheat ft2 mutants also showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets per spike, with a longer spike development period potentially contributing to the delayed heading time. In the wheat leaves, FT2 was expressed later than FT1, suggesting a relatively smaller role for FT2 in the initiation of the reproductive phase. FT2 transcripts were detected in the shoot apical meristem and increased during early spike development. Transversal sections of the developing spike showed the highest FT2 transcript levels in the distal part, where new spikelets are formed. Our results suggest that, in wheat, FT2 plays an important role in spike development and fertility and a limited role in the timing of the transition between the vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristem.</description><subject>apical meristems</subject><subject>barley</subject><subject>Brachypodium - genetics</subject><subject>Brachypodium - growth & development</subject><subject>Brachypodium distachyon</subject><subject>Fertility - genetics</subject><subject>florets</subject><subject>Flowers - genetics</subject><subject>Flowers - growth & development</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</subject><subject>gene overexpression</subject><subject>genes</subject><subject>Genes, Plant - genetics</subject><subject>Growth and Development</subject><subject>heading</subject><subject>Hordeum - genetics</subject><subject>Hordeum - growth & development</subject><subject>late flowering</subject><subject>leaves</subject><subject>loci</subject><subject>mutants</subject><subject>mutation</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Reproduction - genetics</subject><subject>Research Papers</subject><subject>RNA interference</subject><subject>spikelets</subject><subject>temperate grasses</subject><subject>tetraploidy</subject><subject>Triticum</subject><subject>Triticum - genetics</subject><subject>Triticum - growth & development</subject><subject>wheat</subject><issn>0022-0957</issn><issn>1460-2431</issn><issn>1460-2431</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>TOX</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0c1rFDEYBvAgil1bL94tuRSkMPbN504uQlnaWlhcrCseQ3byTp11vkxmSve_b8rURS_19ELy4-FNHkLeMfjIwIiz7f3mDMNOKHhBZkxqyLgU7CWZAXCegVHzA_Imxi0AKFDqNTkQwI3K5XxGvl4uVz8ubq6_XNHlavH9G11zGvB2rN2Akca--oXU4x3WXd9gO1DXelpiGKq6Gna0aumATY8haVpgQFfHI_KqTAPfPs1Dsr68WC8-Z8vV1fXifJkVUoshY2ajC-0BMRdeGM0NN8xrYWTppedzhaVBJrxzKucIThudznJpSo2l5OKQfJpi-3HToC_ScsHVtg9V48LOdq6y_9601U97291ZLUAxk6eAD08Bofs9YhxsU8UC69q12I3Rcgkg87QP-z9lbM6UVFwkejrRInQxBiz3GzGwj23Z1Jad2kr4-O837OmfehI4mUA39s8HvZ_cNg5d2EuePo0Jo8QDQb-nAw</recordid><startdate>20190101</startdate><enddate>20190101</enddate><creator>Shaw, Lindsay M.</creator><creator>Lyu, Bo</creator><creator>Turner, Rebecca</creator><creator>Li, Chengxia</creator><creator>Chen, Fengjuan</creator><creator>Han, Xiuli</creator><creator>Fu, Daolin</creator><creator>Dubcovsky, Jorge</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>TOX</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20190101</creationdate><title>FLOWERING LOCUS T2 regulates spike development and fertility in temperate cereals</title><author>Shaw, Lindsay M. ; Lyu, Bo ; Turner, Rebecca ; Li, Chengxia ; Chen, Fengjuan ; Han, Xiuli ; Fu, Daolin ; Dubcovsky, Jorge</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-19b6c6d0ee83d39629291d6394fd4d275ef9e13daa582e0a69675e849f6ef423</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>apical meristems</topic><topic>barley</topic><topic>Brachypodium - genetics</topic><topic>Brachypodium - growth & development</topic><topic>Brachypodium distachyon</topic><topic>Fertility - genetics</topic><topic>florets</topic><topic>Flowers - genetics</topic><topic>Flowers - growth & development</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</topic><topic>gene overexpression</topic><topic>genes</topic><topic>Genes, Plant - genetics</topic><topic>Growth and Development</topic><topic>heading</topic><topic>Hordeum - genetics</topic><topic>Hordeum - growth & development</topic><topic>late flowering</topic><topic>leaves</topic><topic>loci</topic><topic>mutants</topic><topic>mutation</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Reproduction - genetics</topic><topic>Research Papers</topic><topic>RNA interference</topic><topic>spikelets</topic><topic>temperate grasses</topic><topic>tetraploidy</topic><topic>Triticum</topic><topic>Triticum - genetics</topic><topic>Triticum - growth & development</topic><topic>wheat</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Shaw, Lindsay M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyu, Bo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turner, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chengxia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Fengjuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Han, Xiuli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fu, Daolin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dubcovsky, Jorge</creatorcontrib><collection>Oxford Journals Open Access Collection</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental botany</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Shaw, Lindsay M.</au><au>Lyu, Bo</au><au>Turner, Rebecca</au><au>Li, Chengxia</au><au>Chen, Fengjuan</au><au>Han, Xiuli</au><au>Fu, Daolin</au><au>Dubcovsky, Jorge</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>FLOWERING LOCUS T2 regulates spike development and fertility in temperate cereals</atitle><jtitle>Journal of experimental botany</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Bot</addtitle><date>2019-01-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>70</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>193</spage><epage>204</epage><pages>193-204</pages><issn>0022-0957</issn><issn>1460-2431</issn><eissn>1460-2431</eissn><abstract>FLOWERING LOCUS T2 (FT2) is the closest paralog of the FT1 flowering gene in the temperate grasses. Here we show that overexpression of FT2 in Brachypodium distachyon and barley results in precocious flowering and reduced spikelet number, while down-regulation by RNA interference results in delayed flowering and a reduced percentage of filled florets. Similarly, truncation mutations of FT2 homeologs in tetraploid wheat delayed flowering (2–4 d) and reduced fertility. The wheat ft2 mutants also showed a significant increase in the number of spikelets per spike, with a longer spike development period potentially contributing to the delayed heading time. In the wheat leaves, FT2 was expressed later than FT1, suggesting a relatively smaller role for FT2 in the initiation of the reproductive phase. FT2 transcripts were detected in the shoot apical meristem and increased during early spike development. Transversal sections of the developing spike showed the highest FT2 transcript levels in the distal part, where new spikelets are formed. Our results suggest that, in wheat, FT2 plays an important role in spike development and fertility and a limited role in the timing of the transition between the vegetative and reproductive shoot apical meristem.</abstract><cop>UK</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>30295847</pmid><doi>10.1093/jxb/ery350</doi><tpages>12</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | apical meristems barley Brachypodium - genetics Brachypodium - growth & development Brachypodium distachyon Fertility - genetics florets Flowers - genetics Flowers - growth & development Gene Expression Regulation, Plant gene overexpression genes Genes, Plant - genetics Growth and Development heading Hordeum - genetics Hordeum - growth & development late flowering leaves loci mutants mutation Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism Reproduction - genetics Research Papers RNA interference spikelets temperate grasses tetraploidy Triticum Triticum - genetics Triticum - growth & development wheat |
| title | FLOWERING LOCUS T2 regulates spike development and fertility in temperate cereals |
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