Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study
ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sec...
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| creator | Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea Mabile, Emily Govia, Ishtar Younger, Novie O Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr McFarlane, Shelly Francis, Damian Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana Wilks, Rainford Greene, Lisa-Gaye Lyew-Ayee, Parris Theall, Katherine P |
| description | ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sectional studySettingA population-based cross-sectional survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 (JHLS II) recruited persons at their homes over a 4 month period from all 14 parishes and 113 neighbourhoods defined as enumeration districts (EDs).Participants2544 persons aged 15–74 years old from the 2008 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (JHLS II), who completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and had biomarkers assessed, and whose home addresses could be reliably geocoded.Primary outcomeA summary measure CBR was created using seven markers—systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose levels and self-reported asthma. Weighted multilevel models examined clustering, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), of CBR across neighbourhoods and the impact of neighbourhood characteristics (recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder) on CBR.ResultsWomen had significantly higher mean CBR scores than men across all age groups. There was significant clustering of CBR by ED, and among women versus men (ICC: F=6.9%, M=0.7%). Women living in more disordered neighbourhoods were 26% more likely to have high CBR as those in less disordered ones (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.47; p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021952 |
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| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6303643</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2156796431</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-3509943dd2159758bed53e438887ba7c912dd359564a01a06d45b8c5df062d273</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqNkc1O3DAUhS0EAkR5gkqVJdah_s0PCySE2tJqVBbQteXYNxNPk3hqOyPNY_DGGGaK6K7e2Lr-7vE9Pgh9pOSSUl5-bseVX8NUMELrgjDaSHaAThkRoiiJlIfvzifoPMYVyUvIRkp2jE54LjMmqlP09BPcsm_9HHrvLTa9DtokCC4mZyLWU67N4zzo5DaAW-cHv3RGDzgTv68wbJyFyQDugh9x6gH_0KPOAL4DPaT-VWDhOohpOwB-mMMGtpgRUl9hjU3wMRYRTHJ-ypoxzXb7AR11eohwvt_P0K-vXx5v74rF_bfvtzeLohUVSwWXpGkEt5ZR2VSybsFKDoLXdV21ujINZdbybLgUmlBNSitkWxtpO1Iyyyp-hq53uuu5HcEamFLQg1oHN-qwVV479e_N5Hq19BtVcsJLwbPAxV4g-D9zdqhW-Ruzj6jyTGXVZIhmiu-oV7MBurcXKFEvUap9lOolSrWLMnd9ej_cW8_f4DJwuQNy938pPgOFvayh</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2156796431</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study</title><source>BMJ Open Access Journals</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>PubMed Central Open Access</source><creator>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea ; Mabile, Emily ; Govia, Ishtar ; Younger, Novie O ; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr ; McFarlane, Shelly ; Francis, Damian ; Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana ; Wilks, Rainford ; Greene, Lisa-Gaye ; Lyew-Ayee, Parris ; Theall, Katherine P</creator><creatorcontrib>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea ; Mabile, Emily ; Govia, Ishtar ; Younger, Novie O ; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr ; McFarlane, Shelly ; Francis, Damian ; Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana ; Wilks, Rainford ; Greene, Lisa-Gaye ; Lyew-Ayee, Parris ; Theall, Katherine P</creatorcontrib><description>ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sectional studySettingA population-based cross-sectional survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 (JHLS II) recruited persons at their homes over a 4 month period from all 14 parishes and 113 neighbourhoods defined as enumeration districts (EDs).Participants2544 persons aged 15–74 years old from the 2008 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (JHLS II), who completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and had biomarkers assessed, and whose home addresses could be reliably geocoded.Primary outcomeA summary measure CBR was created using seven markers—systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose levels and self-reported asthma. Weighted multilevel models examined clustering, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), of CBR across neighbourhoods and the impact of neighbourhood characteristics (recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder) on CBR.ResultsWomen had significantly higher mean CBR scores than men across all age groups. There was significant clustering of CBR by ED, and among women versus men (ICC: F=6.9%, M=0.7%). Women living in more disordered neighbourhoods were 26% more likely to have high CBR as those in less disordered ones (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.47; p<0.05). Individuals living in EDs with greater recreational space availability were 25% less likely to have a high CBR (aOR=0.75, 95% CI=0.64 to 0.90; p<0.05).ConclusionsPolicy-makers in Jamaica should pay greater attention to neighbourhood factors such as recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder that may contribute to CBR in any effort to curtail the epidemic of NCDs.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2044-6055</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021952</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30552247</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group LTD</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adult ; African Americans ; Age ; Aged ; Biological Factors - adverse effects ; Biomarkers ; Blood pressure ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Developing countries ; Environmental Exposure ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gender differences ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Jamaica ; LDCs ; Life Style ; Lifestyles ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neighborhoods ; Obesity ; Outdoor air quality ; Physiology ; Public Health ; Race ; Residence Characteristics ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic factors ; Stress ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Womens health ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>BMJ open, 2018-12, Vol.8 (12), p.e021952</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2018 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2018. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-3509943dd2159758bed53e438887ba7c912dd359564a01a06d45b8c5df062d273</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-3509943dd2159758bed53e438887ba7c912dd359564a01a06d45b8c5df062d273</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/12/e021952.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/8/12/e021952.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27526,27527,27901,27902,53766,53768,77343,77374</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30552247$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mabile, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Govia, Ishtar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Younger, Novie O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McFarlane, Shelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Francis, Damian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilks, Rainford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greene, Lisa-Gaye</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyew-Ayee, Parris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Theall, Katherine P</creatorcontrib><title>Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study</title><title>BMJ open</title><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><description>ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sectional studySettingA population-based cross-sectional survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 (JHLS II) recruited persons at their homes over a 4 month period from all 14 parishes and 113 neighbourhoods defined as enumeration districts (EDs).Participants2544 persons aged 15–74 years old from the 2008 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (JHLS II), who completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and had biomarkers assessed, and whose home addresses could be reliably geocoded.Primary outcomeA summary measure CBR was created using seven markers—systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose levels and self-reported asthma. Weighted multilevel models examined clustering, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), of CBR across neighbourhoods and the impact of neighbourhood characteristics (recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder) on CBR.ResultsWomen had significantly higher mean CBR scores than men across all age groups. There was significant clustering of CBR by ED, and among women versus men (ICC: F=6.9%, M=0.7%). Women living in more disordered neighbourhoods were 26% more likely to have high CBR as those in less disordered ones (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.47; p<0.05). Individuals living in EDs with greater recreational space availability were 25% less likely to have a high CBR (aOR=0.75, 95% CI=0.64 to 0.90; p<0.05).ConclusionsPolicy-makers in Jamaica should pay greater attention to neighbourhood factors such as recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder that may contribute to CBR in any effort to curtail the epidemic of NCDs.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>African Americans</subject><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Biological Factors - adverse effects</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Blood pressure</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Developing countries</subject><subject>Environmental Exposure</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gender differences</subject><subject>Health Surveys</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Jamaica</subject><subject>LDCs</subject><subject>Life Style</subject><subject>Lifestyles</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Neighborhoods</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Outdoor air quality</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Public Health</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Residence Characteristics</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Sex Factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomic factors</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Womens health</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>2044-6055</issn><issn>2044-6055</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>9YT</sourceid><sourceid>ACMMV</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNqNkc1O3DAUhS0EAkR5gkqVJdah_s0PCySE2tJqVBbQteXYNxNPk3hqOyPNY_DGGGaK6K7e2Lr-7vE9Pgh9pOSSUl5-bseVX8NUMELrgjDaSHaAThkRoiiJlIfvzifoPMYVyUvIRkp2jE54LjMmqlP09BPcsm_9HHrvLTa9DtokCC4mZyLWU67N4zzo5DaAW-cHv3RGDzgTv68wbJyFyQDugh9x6gH_0KPOAL4DPaT-VWDhOohpOwB-mMMGtpgRUl9hjU3wMRYRTHJ-ypoxzXb7AR11eohwvt_P0K-vXx5v74rF_bfvtzeLohUVSwWXpGkEt5ZR2VSybsFKDoLXdV21ujINZdbybLgUmlBNSitkWxtpO1Iyyyp-hq53uuu5HcEamFLQg1oHN-qwVV479e_N5Hq19BtVcsJLwbPAxV4g-D9zdqhW-Ruzj6jyTGXVZIhmiu-oV7MBurcXKFEvUap9lOolSrWLMnd9ej_cW8_f4DJwuQNy938pPgOFvayh</recordid><startdate>20181201</startdate><enddate>20181201</enddate><creator>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea</creator><creator>Mabile, Emily</creator><creator>Govia, Ishtar</creator><creator>Younger, Novie O</creator><creator>Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr</creator><creator>McFarlane, Shelly</creator><creator>Francis, Damian</creator><creator>Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana</creator><creator>Wilks, Rainford</creator><creator>Greene, Lisa-Gaye</creator><creator>Lyew-Ayee, Parris</creator><creator>Theall, Katherine P</creator><general>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</general><general>BMJ Publishing Group</general><scope>9YT</scope><scope>ACMMV</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BTHHO</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20181201</creationdate><title>Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study</title><author>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea ; Mabile, Emily ; Govia, Ishtar ; Younger, Novie O ; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr ; McFarlane, Shelly ; Francis, Damian ; Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana ; Wilks, Rainford ; Greene, Lisa-Gaye ; Lyew-Ayee, Parris ; Theall, Katherine P</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b472t-3509943dd2159758bed53e438887ba7c912dd359564a01a06d45b8c5df062d273</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>African Americans</topic><topic>Age</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Biological Factors - adverse effects</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Blood pressure</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Developing countries</topic><topic>Environmental Exposure</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gender differences</topic><topic>Health Surveys</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Jamaica</topic><topic>LDCs</topic><topic>Life Style</topic><topic>Lifestyles</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Neighborhoods</topic><topic>Obesity</topic><topic>Outdoor air quality</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Public Health</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Residence Characteristics</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Sex Factors</topic><topic>Socioeconomic factors</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Womens health</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mabile, Emily</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Govia, Ishtar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Younger, Novie O</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McFarlane, Shelly</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Francis, Damian</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wilks, Rainford</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Greene, Lisa-Gaye</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lyew-Ayee, Parris</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Theall, Katherine P</creatorcontrib><collection>BMJ Open Access Journals</collection><collection>BMJ Journals:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>BMJ Journals</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Psychology</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMJ open</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cunningham-Myrie, Colette Andrea</au><au>Mabile, Emily</au><au>Govia, Ishtar</au><au>Younger, Novie O</au><au>Tulloch-Reid, Marshall Kerr</au><au>McFarlane, Shelly</au><au>Francis, Damian</au><au>Gordon-Strachan, Georgiana</au><au>Wilks, Rainford</au><au>Greene, Lisa-Gaye</au><au>Lyew-Ayee, Parris</au><au>Theall, Katherine P</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study</atitle><jtitle>BMJ open</jtitle><addtitle>BMJ Open</addtitle><date>2018-12-01</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>e021952</spage><pages>e021952-</pages><issn>2044-6055</issn><eissn>2044-6055</eissn><abstract>ObjectiveTo examine whether neighbourhood characteristics are associated with cumulative biological risk (CBR) and sex differences in CBR in a nationally representative sample in Jamaica, a small island developing country with increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).DesignCross-sectional studySettingA population-based cross-sectional survey, the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 (JHLS II) recruited persons at their homes over a 4 month period from all 14 parishes and 113 neighbourhoods defined as enumeration districts (EDs).Participants2544 persons aged 15–74 years old from the 2008 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey (JHLS II), who completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and had biomarkers assessed, and whose home addresses could be reliably geocoded.Primary outcomeA summary measure CBR was created using seven markers—systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings, waist circumference, body mass index, total cholesterol, fasting blood glucose levels and self-reported asthma. Weighted multilevel models examined clustering, using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), of CBR across neighbourhoods and the impact of neighbourhood characteristics (recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder) on CBR.ResultsWomen had significantly higher mean CBR scores than men across all age groups. There was significant clustering of CBR by ED, and among women versus men (ICC: F=6.9%, M=0.7%). Women living in more disordered neighbourhoods were 26% more likely to have high CBR as those in less disordered ones (aOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.08 to 1.47; p<0.05). Individuals living in EDs with greater recreational space availability were 25% less likely to have a high CBR (aOR=0.75, 95% CI=0.64 to 0.90; p<0.05).ConclusionsPolicy-makers in Jamaica should pay greater attention to neighbourhood factors such as recreational space availability and neighbourhood disorder that may contribute to CBR in any effort to curtail the epidemic of NCDs.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</pub><pmid>30552247</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021952</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | BMJ Open Access Journals; MEDLINE; DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central; PubMed Central Open Access |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult African Americans Age Aged Biological Factors - adverse effects Biomarkers Blood pressure Cross-Sectional Studies Developing countries Environmental Exposure Epidemiology Female Gender differences Health Surveys Humans Jamaica LDCs Life Style Lifestyles Male Middle Aged Neighborhoods Obesity Outdoor air quality Physiology Public Health Race Residence Characteristics Risk Factors Sex Factors Socioeconomic factors Stress Surveys and Questionnaires Womens health Young Adult |
| title | Neighbourhood characteristics and cumulative biological risk: evidence from the Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008: a cross-sectional study |
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