The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soaking with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on white clover ( cv. Haifa) seed germination under salt stress induced by 100 mM NaCl. Seeds soaking with GABA (1 μM) significantly alleviated salt-induced decreases in endogenous GABA content, germin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2018-08, Vol.19 (9), p.2520 |
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| creator | Cheng, Bizhen Li, Zhou Liang, Linlin Cao, Yiqin Zeng, Weihang Zhang, Xinquan Ma, Xiao Huang, Linkai Nie, Gang Liu, Wei Peng, Yan |
| description | The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soaking with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on white clover (
cv. Haifa) seed germination under salt stress induced by 100 mM NaCl. Seeds soaking with GABA (1 μM) significantly alleviated salt-induced decreases in endogenous GABA content, germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and root activity of seedling during seven days of germination. Exogenous application of GABA accelerated starch catabolism via the activation of amylase and also significantly reduced water-soluble carbohydrate, free amino acid, and free proline content in seedlings under salt stress. In addition, improved antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPOX, CAT, APX, DHAR, GR and MDHR) and gene transcript levels (
,
,
,
,
,
,
and
) was induced by seeds soaking with GABA, followed by decreases in O₂
, H₂O₂, and MDA accumulation during germination under salt stress. Seeds soaking with GABA could also significantly improve Na⁺/K⁺ content and transcript levels of genes encoding Na⁺/K⁺ transportation (
,
,
,
and
) in seedlings of white clover. Moreover, exogenous GABA significantly induced the accumulation of dehydrins and expression of genes encoding dehydrins (
, and
) in seedlings under salt stress. These results indicate that GABA mitigates the salt damage during seeds germination through enhancing starch catabolism and the utilization of sugar and amino acids for the maintenance of growth, improving the antioxidant defense for the alleviation of oxidative damage, increasing Na⁺/K⁺ transportation for the osmotic adjustment, and promoting dehydrins accumulation for antioxidant and osmotic adjustment under salt stress. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms19092520 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6163210</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2126866578</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-e13e180f64184bca51c9e3b9abdb7a9dce88536fa6b726d5b7e54dacd1ccd4e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdksGO0zAQQCMEYpeFG2dkicsibVjbSdzkghS6S0GsQKKVOEaOPWlcOXaxnUKPfBM3PoI_4MKX4O6WVZeLbc08v5mRJkmeEvwyyyp8rlaDJxWuaEHxveSY5JSmGLPJ_YP3UfLI-xXGNKNF9TA5yjDJK5bT4-T3ogf060daD8rYdgxbpwSqhZLodFa_rl-gWmvYKB7AoznXAc2DA-_RBR_4EpAcnTJLNAeQHs3ARQsPyhpkO_S5VwHQVNsNOFR7b8VOI9FXFXr0gf_5_vP8fTzQwnHj19aF659n6AL6rYxaH_sQ4zDqfZwbua-efgJ9rZqBiX1dflvvoruyytwp-zh50HHt4cn-PkkWby4X07fp1cfZu2l9lYqc0JACyYCUuGM5KfNW8IKICrK24q1sJ7ySAsqyyFjHWTuhTBbtBIpcciGJEDKH7CR5daNdj-0AETfBcd2snRq42zaWq-Zuxqi-WdpNwwjLKMFRcLoXOPtlBB-aQXkBWnMDdvQNxVVR0IKVeUSf_4eu7OhMnK6hhLKSsWJSRurshhLOeu-gu22G4Ga3Ns3h2kT82eEAt_C_Pcn-As68xgg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2126866578</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover</title><source>MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><creator>Cheng, Bizhen ; Li, Zhou ; Liang, Linlin ; Cao, Yiqin ; Zeng, Weihang ; Zhang, Xinquan ; Ma, Xiao ; Huang, Linkai ; Nie, Gang ; Liu, Wei ; Peng, Yan</creator><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Bizhen ; Li, Zhou ; Liang, Linlin ; Cao, Yiqin ; Zeng, Weihang ; Zhang, Xinquan ; Ma, Xiao ; Huang, Linkai ; Nie, Gang ; Liu, Wei ; Peng, Yan</creatorcontrib><description>The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soaking with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on white clover (
cv. Haifa) seed germination under salt stress induced by 100 mM NaCl. Seeds soaking with GABA (1 μM) significantly alleviated salt-induced decreases in endogenous GABA content, germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and root activity of seedling during seven days of germination. Exogenous application of GABA accelerated starch catabolism via the activation of amylase and also significantly reduced water-soluble carbohydrate, free amino acid, and free proline content in seedlings under salt stress. In addition, improved antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPOX, CAT, APX, DHAR, GR and MDHR) and gene transcript levels (
,
,
,
,
,
,
and
) was induced by seeds soaking with GABA, followed by decreases in O₂
, H₂O₂, and MDA accumulation during germination under salt stress. Seeds soaking with GABA could also significantly improve Na⁺/K⁺ content and transcript levels of genes encoding Na⁺/K⁺ transportation (
,
,
,
and
) in seedlings of white clover. Moreover, exogenous GABA significantly induced the accumulation of dehydrins and expression of genes encoding dehydrins (
, and
) in seedlings under salt stress. These results indicate that GABA mitigates the salt damage during seeds germination through enhancing starch catabolism and the utilization of sugar and amino acids for the maintenance of growth, improving the antioxidant defense for the alleviation of oxidative damage, increasing Na⁺/K⁺ transportation for the osmotic adjustment, and promoting dehydrins accumulation for antioxidant and osmotic adjustment under salt stress.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092520</identifier><identifier>PMID: 30149642</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Abiotic stress ; Accumulation ; Antioxidants ; Biological Transport ; Carbohydrates ; Catabolism ; Clover ; Dehydrin ; Enzymatic activity ; Flowers & plants ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - pharmacology ; Gene expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes ; Germination ; Germination - drug effects ; H+-transporting ATPase ; Hydrogen peroxide ; Metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Physiology ; Plant growth ; Plant Proteins - genetics ; Plant Proteins - metabolism ; Polyamines ; Potassium - metabolism ; Proline ; Proteins ; Salinity ; Salt Tolerance - genetics ; Seed germination ; Seedlings ; Seedlings - drug effects ; Seedlings - genetics ; Seedlings - metabolism ; Seeds ; Soaking ; Sodium - metabolism ; Sodium chloride ; Starch ; Stress, Physiological - drug effects ; Stress, Physiological - genetics ; Superoxide dismutase ; Transcription ; Trifolium - drug effects ; Trifolium - genetics ; Trifolium - metabolism ; Trifolium repens ; Vigor ; γ-Aminobutyric acid</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2018-08, Vol.19 (9), p.2520</ispartof><rights>2018. This work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2018 by the authors. 2018</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-e13e180f64184bca51c9e3b9abdb7a9dce88536fa6b726d5b7e54dacd1ccd4e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-e13e180f64184bca51c9e3b9abdb7a9dce88536fa6b726d5b7e54dacd1ccd4e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-7810-4852</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163210/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6163210/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,881,27901,27902,53766,53768</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149642$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Bizhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Linlin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Yiqin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeng, Weihang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xinquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Xiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Linkai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nie, Gang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Yan</creatorcontrib><title>The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover</title><title>International journal of molecular sciences</title><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><description>The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soaking with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on white clover (
cv. Haifa) seed germination under salt stress induced by 100 mM NaCl. Seeds soaking with GABA (1 μM) significantly alleviated salt-induced decreases in endogenous GABA content, germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and root activity of seedling during seven days of germination. Exogenous application of GABA accelerated starch catabolism via the activation of amylase and also significantly reduced water-soluble carbohydrate, free amino acid, and free proline content in seedlings under salt stress. In addition, improved antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPOX, CAT, APX, DHAR, GR and MDHR) and gene transcript levels (
,
,
,
,
,
,
and
) was induced by seeds soaking with GABA, followed by decreases in O₂
, H₂O₂, and MDA accumulation during germination under salt stress. Seeds soaking with GABA could also significantly improve Na⁺/K⁺ content and transcript levels of genes encoding Na⁺/K⁺ transportation (
,
,
,
and
) in seedlings of white clover. Moreover, exogenous GABA significantly induced the accumulation of dehydrins and expression of genes encoding dehydrins (
, and
) in seedlings under salt stress. These results indicate that GABA mitigates the salt damage during seeds germination through enhancing starch catabolism and the utilization of sugar and amino acids for the maintenance of growth, improving the antioxidant defense for the alleviation of oxidative damage, increasing Na⁺/K⁺ transportation for the osmotic adjustment, and promoting dehydrins accumulation for antioxidant and osmotic adjustment under salt stress.</description><subject>Abiotic stress</subject><subject>Accumulation</subject><subject>Antioxidants</subject><subject>Biological Transport</subject><subject>Carbohydrates</subject><subject>Catabolism</subject><subject>Clover</subject><subject>Dehydrin</subject><subject>Enzymatic activity</subject><subject>Flowers & plants</subject><subject>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism</subject><subject>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - pharmacology</subject><subject>Gene expression</subject><subject>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</subject><subject>Genes</subject><subject>Germination</subject><subject>Germination - drug effects</subject><subject>H+-transporting ATPase</subject><subject>Hydrogen peroxide</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Oxidation-Reduction</subject><subject>Physiology</subject><subject>Plant growth</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - genetics</subject><subject>Plant Proteins - metabolism</subject><subject>Polyamines</subject><subject>Potassium - metabolism</subject><subject>Proline</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Salinity</subject><subject>Salt Tolerance - genetics</subject><subject>Seed germination</subject><subject>Seedlings</subject><subject>Seedlings - drug effects</subject><subject>Seedlings - genetics</subject><subject>Seedlings - metabolism</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>Soaking</subject><subject>Sodium - metabolism</subject><subject>Sodium chloride</subject><subject>Starch</subject><subject>Stress, Physiological - drug effects</subject><subject>Stress, Physiological - genetics</subject><subject>Superoxide dismutase</subject><subject>Transcription</subject><subject>Trifolium - drug effects</subject><subject>Trifolium - genetics</subject><subject>Trifolium - metabolism</subject><subject>Trifolium repens</subject><subject>Vigor</subject><subject>γ-Aminobutyric acid</subject><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><issn>1422-0067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNpdksGO0zAQQCMEYpeFG2dkicsibVjbSdzkghS6S0GsQKKVOEaOPWlcOXaxnUKPfBM3PoI_4MKX4O6WVZeLbc08v5mRJkmeEvwyyyp8rlaDJxWuaEHxveSY5JSmGLPJ_YP3UfLI-xXGNKNF9TA5yjDJK5bT4-T3ogf060daD8rYdgxbpwSqhZLodFa_rl-gWmvYKB7AoznXAc2DA-_RBR_4EpAcnTJLNAeQHs3ARQsPyhpkO_S5VwHQVNsNOFR7b8VOI9FXFXr0gf_5_vP8fTzQwnHj19aF659n6AL6rYxaH_sQ4zDqfZwbua-efgJ9rZqBiX1dflvvoruyytwp-zh50HHt4cn-PkkWby4X07fp1cfZu2l9lYqc0JACyYCUuGM5KfNW8IKICrK24q1sJ7ySAsqyyFjHWTuhTBbtBIpcciGJEDKH7CR5daNdj-0AETfBcd2snRq42zaWq-Zuxqi-WdpNwwjLKMFRcLoXOPtlBB-aQXkBWnMDdvQNxVVR0IKVeUSf_4eu7OhMnK6hhLKSsWJSRurshhLOeu-gu22G4Ga3Ns3h2kT82eEAt_C_Pcn-As68xgg</recordid><startdate>20180825</startdate><enddate>20180825</enddate><creator>Cheng, Bizhen</creator><creator>Li, Zhou</creator><creator>Liang, Linlin</creator><creator>Cao, Yiqin</creator><creator>Zeng, Weihang</creator><creator>Zhang, Xinquan</creator><creator>Ma, Xiao</creator><creator>Huang, Linkai</creator><creator>Nie, Gang</creator><creator>Liu, Wei</creator><creator>Peng, Yan</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-4852</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20180825</creationdate><title>The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover</title><author>Cheng, Bizhen ; Li, Zhou ; Liang, Linlin ; Cao, Yiqin ; Zeng, Weihang ; Zhang, Xinquan ; Ma, Xiao ; Huang, Linkai ; Nie, Gang ; Liu, Wei ; Peng, Yan</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c412t-e13e180f64184bca51c9e3b9abdb7a9dce88536fa6b726d5b7e54dacd1ccd4e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2018</creationdate><topic>Abiotic stress</topic><topic>Accumulation</topic><topic>Antioxidants</topic><topic>Biological Transport</topic><topic>Carbohydrates</topic><topic>Catabolism</topic><topic>Clover</topic><topic>Dehydrin</topic><topic>Enzymatic activity</topic><topic>Flowers & plants</topic><topic>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism</topic><topic>gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - pharmacology</topic><topic>Gene expression</topic><topic>Gene Expression Regulation, Plant</topic><topic>Genes</topic><topic>Germination</topic><topic>Germination - drug effects</topic><topic>H+-transporting ATPase</topic><topic>Hydrogen peroxide</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Oxidation-Reduction</topic><topic>Physiology</topic><topic>Plant growth</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - genetics</topic><topic>Plant Proteins - metabolism</topic><topic>Polyamines</topic><topic>Potassium - metabolism</topic><topic>Proline</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Salinity</topic><topic>Salt Tolerance - genetics</topic><topic>Seed germination</topic><topic>Seedlings</topic><topic>Seedlings - drug effects</topic><topic>Seedlings - genetics</topic><topic>Seedlings - metabolism</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>Soaking</topic><topic>Sodium - metabolism</topic><topic>Sodium chloride</topic><topic>Starch</topic><topic>Stress, Physiological - drug effects</topic><topic>Stress, Physiological - genetics</topic><topic>Superoxide dismutase</topic><topic>Transcription</topic><topic>Trifolium - drug effects</topic><topic>Trifolium - genetics</topic><topic>Trifolium - metabolism</topic><topic>Trifolium repens</topic><topic>Vigor</topic><topic>γ-Aminobutyric acid</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cheng, Bizhen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Zhou</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liang, Linlin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cao, Yiqin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zeng, Weihang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xinquan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ma, Xiao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Linkai</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nie, Gang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peng, Yan</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cheng, Bizhen</au><au>Li, Zhou</au><au>Liang, Linlin</au><au>Cao, Yiqin</au><au>Zeng, Weihang</au><au>Zhang, Xinquan</au><au>Ma, Xiao</au><au>Huang, Linkai</au><au>Nie, Gang</au><au>Liu, Wei</au><au>Peng, Yan</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover</atitle><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle><addtitle>Int J Mol Sci</addtitle><date>2018-08-25</date><risdate>2018</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>2520</spage><pages>2520-</pages><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><eissn>1422-0067</eissn><abstract>The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soaking with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on white clover (
cv. Haifa) seed germination under salt stress induced by 100 mM NaCl. Seeds soaking with GABA (1 μM) significantly alleviated salt-induced decreases in endogenous GABA content, germination percentage, germination vigor, germination index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, and root activity of seedling during seven days of germination. Exogenous application of GABA accelerated starch catabolism via the activation of amylase and also significantly reduced water-soluble carbohydrate, free amino acid, and free proline content in seedlings under salt stress. In addition, improved antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPOX, CAT, APX, DHAR, GR and MDHR) and gene transcript levels (
,
,
,
,
,
,
and
) was induced by seeds soaking with GABA, followed by decreases in O₂
, H₂O₂, and MDA accumulation during germination under salt stress. Seeds soaking with GABA could also significantly improve Na⁺/K⁺ content and transcript levels of genes encoding Na⁺/K⁺ transportation (
,
,
,
and
) in seedlings of white clover. Moreover, exogenous GABA significantly induced the accumulation of dehydrins and expression of genes encoding dehydrins (
, and
) in seedlings under salt stress. These results indicate that GABA mitigates the salt damage during seeds germination through enhancing starch catabolism and the utilization of sugar and amino acids for the maintenance of growth, improving the antioxidant defense for the alleviation of oxidative damage, increasing Na⁺/K⁺ transportation for the osmotic adjustment, and promoting dehydrins accumulation for antioxidant and osmotic adjustment under salt stress.</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>30149642</pmid><doi>10.3390/ijms19092520</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7810-4852</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1422-0067 |
| ispartof | International journal of molecular sciences, 2018-08, Vol.19 (9), p.2520 |
| issn | 1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | eng |
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| source | MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; MEDLINE; EZB-FREE-00999 freely available EZB journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Abiotic stress Accumulation Antioxidants Biological Transport Carbohydrates Catabolism Clover Dehydrin Enzymatic activity Flowers & plants gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - pharmacology Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation, Plant Genes Germination Germination - drug effects H+-transporting ATPase Hydrogen peroxide Metabolism Oxidation-Reduction Physiology Plant growth Plant Proteins - genetics Plant Proteins - metabolism Polyamines Potassium - metabolism Proline Proteins Salinity Salt Tolerance - genetics Seed germination Seedlings Seedlings - drug effects Seedlings - genetics Seedlings - metabolism Seeds Soaking Sodium - metabolism Sodium chloride Starch Stress, Physiological - drug effects Stress, Physiological - genetics Superoxide dismutase Transcription Trifolium - drug effects Trifolium - genetics Trifolium - metabolism Trifolium repens Vigor γ-Aminobutyric acid |
| title | The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Alleviates Salt Stress Damage during Seeds Germination of White Clover Associated with Na⁺/K⁺ Transportation, Dehydrins Accumulation, and Stress-Related Genes Expression in White Clover |
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